15 JUNE

1857 - Vito L. Belarmino, one of the most brilliant Filipino military leaders during the Philippine Revolution against Spain and the Filipino-American War, is born in Silang, Cavite; Belarmino would join the Katipunan and engage the Spaniards in various skirmishes and,  later as a general, would be given command of Albay province to establish a [local[ republican government; and after Tabaco and Naga tragically fell in February 1900 to the invading imperialist United States forces, he will refuse to surrender and will defiantly organize a guerrilla outfit [to] repeatedly [harass] American installations in the Bicol region.

14 JUNE

1941 - President Manuel L. Quezon  signs the maternity-leave bill granting women in government service 60 days maternity leave with full pay in addition to the usual sick and vacation leaves during the period of imperialist American Occupation and several months before the Japanese occupies the Philippines; Quezon's advisers had recommended against the bill on economic grounds but the President, perceived champion of the underdog,  remarked "I’ll sign that bill if it bankrupts the treasury,” before promptly reaching for a pen.


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Photo credit: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:QuezonUS.jpg

13 JUNE

1899 - The (second)  Battle of Zapote Bridge, one of the bloodiest battles and actually the largest single battle in the Philippine-American War involving 5,000 Filipinos and 3,000 imperialist enemy forces, is won by Gen. Henry Ware Lawton of the invading United States;  Lawton, who would later be killed by the men of Gen. Licerio Geronimo later that year, remarked on the uncanny bravery of the Filipinos who valiantly fought with much less inferior firepower; the battle would help make President Emilio F. Aguinaldo decide into reforming the regular Philippine Army into guerrilla style units to better engage the enemy Americans and capitalize on the Filipinos' endemic knowledge of the landscape.

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Photo credit:

U.S. Library of Congress
(through Tucker, Spencer
The encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American wars: a political, social, and military history, Volume 1)

12 JUNE

1898 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, proclaims the Independence of the Philippines "under the protection of the Powerful and Humanitarian Nation," that is the United States of America and thereby ceasing "to have any allegiance to the Crown of Spain" and unfurling a blue, red and yellow flag partly inspired by the Stars-and Stripes banner of the US; ironically, within eight months, America will show the pathetically deceived Aguinaldo its true color as it invades the fledgling Southeast Asian republic beginning February 4, 1899, of which the resulting savage Filipino-American War will last for a bloody ten years or so.

11 JUNE

1971 - Former President Carlos P. Garcia is elected president of the 1971 Constitutional Convention drafted to revise the 1935 Philippine Charter, with ex-President Diosdado P. Macapagal being elected vice-President; in three days, Garcia will die from heart attack and will be remembered for his administration's near iconic legacy  of "Filipino First" policy which put the interests of the Filipino people above those of foreigners and of the ruling party.

10 JUNE

1898 - During the Philippine Revolution against Spain, United States Consul-General E. Spencer Pratt, congratulates Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo for his "recent military achievements" and claims that his arrangement for the latter's meeting with US Admiral Spencer Dewey is right; Dewey and the American government has actually conned Aguinaldo into stupidly believing that America is an ally, as will later be shown in the Mock Battle of Manila and most clearly, in the eruption of the Filipino-American War.

9 JUNE

1945 - Manuel A. Roxas is elected elected President of the Senate during a special session of Congress called by President Sergio Osmena following the end of World War II but with the Philippines still a colony of the United States; this early, Roxas already has set his on the sights on the presidency, with American Gen. Douglas MacArthur and High Commissioner Paul V. McNutt supporting him, and in the elections of 1946, he will win amidst Osmena's refusal to campaign.

8 JUNE

1900 - Gen. Pio del Pilar, a controversial officer of the First Philippine Republic, is taken prisoner  at Guadalupe, Rizal by imperialist United States forces during the Philippine-American War; Gen. Pio del Pilar, who earlier fatally betrayed Katipunan Supremo Andres Bonifacio and  switched to the side of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo who had grabbed the leadership of the Revolution against Spain, will later also betray Gen. Artemio Ricarte's attempt to reunite Filipino military generals and rekindle the fire of the Philippine Revolution, this time against the Bald Eagle invaders. 


Photo credit:

http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/combatinmanilasuburbs.htm

7 June

1904 - Gen. Artemio Ricarte y Garcia, the Filipino military official of Emilio Aguinaldo's Philippine Republic who never swore allegiance to the imperialist United States of America, is confined at Bilibid Prison in Manila following his treacherous arrest while trying to drum up renewed support against the American invaders during the Philippine-American War (1899-1914); Ricarte was earlier exiled to Guam (and then Hong Kong), along with other Filipino leaders, but secretly returned to the the country to reunite with former members of the Philippine Army and rekindle the Philippine Revolution.



Raw photo credit: http://webzoom.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/Artemio%20Ricarte%20with%20%20sombrero.jpg

6 JUNE

1898 - One day after his bodyguards murdered Gen. Antonio Luna, the perceived threat to his position as revolutionary leader, Dictator President Emilio Aguinaldo wires all the military chiefs in five northern provinces  to the effect that he is taking active direction of the military operations and that he is establishing his temporary headquarters at Bamban, Tarlak; Aguinaldo, widely blamed for setting a trap  for the assassination because he did not meet Luna despite his signed telegram calling the former to a conference, also issues a decree delineating the geographic and political divisions of provinces and appointing a military chief for each zone during the Philippine Revolution against Spain.

5 JUNE

1898 - Gen. Antonio Luna, an effective leader of the Philippine forces against the invading imperialist Bald Eagle forces during the Filipino-American War (1899-1914),, is assassinated by bodyguards of President Emilio Aguinaldo at the stairs of the convent of Cabanatuan in the province of Nueva Ecija; the guilt for the murders (Luna's aide-de-camp was also killed) is widely ascribed to Aguinaldo because he summoned Luna to Cabanatuan with a signed telegram calling him to a conference and because during the murder, Aguinaldo's mother looked out the window and asked: Is he still breathing?"


 Photo credit: U.S. Library of Congress via http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/lunaassassination.htm

4 JUNE

1898 - Gen. Gregorio Del Pilar reports to Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo about the military operations undertaken primarily in Bulacan province during the Revolution against Spain: their success at capturing and taking the station in Bigaa, Bulacan, which was garrisoned by 24 men of the Spanish Infantry and Rural Guards; control of 9 Bulacan towns; engagement of the forces of Sr. Isidoro Torres at Malolos against Macabebe volunteers and Spanish Infantry; as well as the agreement among well-learned residents of Malolos and neighboring towns for Torres to temporarily occupy the position of Dictator of the Zone.

3 JUNE

1898 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo of the Philippine Revolutionary Government orders all Revolutionary Army officials and town chiefs to ensure the humane treatment of all enemy  [Spanish] prisoners-of-war, and the respect for the life and  property of all Spanish soldiers who capitulate to the revolutionary forces; additionally, Aguinaldo, in his capacity as Dictatorial President during the second phase of the Revolution against colonial Spain, orders the strict implementation of his instructions regarding conduct of negotiations with enemy troops who will surrender to Filipino forces.

2 JUNE

1931 - Juan Sumulong, "Brains of the Opposition" during the ascendancy of Manuel L. Quezon,  first President of the Philippines during the American Imperialist Occupation, resigns from the Democrata party due to poor health; one of the political figures opposed to the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act that grants  the United States continued sovereignty over U.S. Military Reservations in the country, Sumulong would later bitterly denounce what will be the coalition of Quezon's Partido Nacionalista and the opposition party of Sergio Osmena, believing that political representation should be balanced to prevent oligarchy.

1 JUNE

1898 - The capitulation of Spanish colonial forces led by Major Juan Enriquez to Filipino revolutionary leader, Captain Simeon Dionisio of Bataan province during the Philippine Revolution is formalized in Pilar town in the "Acta de capitulacion, Pilar, Bataan, 1 de Junio 1898";  the Act is certified by the Secretary Albino Reyes, with signatories including Capt. Dionisio on the Filipino side and Maj. Enriquez  who has supposedly witnessed the futility of further resisting the wave of Philippine revolution and has found it wiser to avert needless greater bloodshed.