10 JULY

1941 - During the imperialist American Occupation, blackout practices  in Manila and other parts of the Philippines are held in  anticipation of the Pacific Theatre phase of World War II;  apart from the blackouts wherein lights are dimmed so as not to make a certain place conspicuous  and easy  target for attacks, the colonial United States and Filipino officials also establish evacuation  centers and "air-aid drills" in the Southeast Asian archipelago some five months before the Japanese  Imperial Army begins invading the US-occupied Philippines following the Asian power's bombing of the Bald Eagle's naval base at Pearl Harbor (December 1941).


Photo credit: anderson militario.com

9 JULY

US Forces, on a sinister hidden plan to invade the Philippines, disembark

1898 - Imperialist United States Gen. Thomas M. Anderson communicates from the Philippines to the  Adjutant-General in Washington, D.C. that he foresees a  possible conflict with Filipino forces, some three months after the Americans forged an 'alliance' with the Filipinos during (the second phase of) the Philippine 'Himagsikan' against Spain; the communication of Anderson, designated commander of the US land forces in the Southeast Asian archipelago during the rather concurrent Spanish-American War, comes only three days after he had been informed by Philippine President Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy that the latter has acceded to Anderson's  request, ordering  his soldiers "not to  interfere" with the American forces who have been entering the country supposedly as part of the US efforts against Spain; Commodore George Dewey had earlier met with Aguinaldo to strike an alliance, deceptively assuring the then-revolutionary leader that America  intends to honor Philippine independence as Anderson later professed his nation's sympathy with Filipinos;  by August, the US and Spain will vilely stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that  the Americans instead of the Filipinos defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines; in five months' time, the Treaty of Paris will be signed, with the virtually ousted-by-Filipinos Spain ridiculously 'ceding' the Philippines to the Bald Eagle nation for $20,000,000 US, and on February 4, 1899, American generals will deliberately instigate the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) in the nefarious bid of the US President William McKinley to make their Congress approve the Treaty of Paris and the annexation [translation: invasion] of the fledgling Southeast Asian nation.



Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

8 JULY

Imperialist American soldiers march to Manila

1900 - Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy orders guerilla  officers to set aside the days between September 15 and 24 for a  general offensive against the invading United States forces, one  year and five (5) months into the bloody  Philippine-American War (1899-1914); two days  short of a year earlier, Aguinaldo, who had wrested Filipino revolutionary leadership by ordering the dead-or-alive abduction and subsequently the assassination-cum-execution of Katipunan Supreme President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro,  stupidly directed his soldiers  "not to interfere" with the Bald Eagle forces entering the Southeast Asian  archipelago after officers of the emerging imperialist nation led by then-Admiral George Dewey forged an alliance with him against colonial Spain during the concurrent (second phase of the) Philippine Revolution and intersecting Spanish-American War, deceptively promising him that the Bald Eagle nation would honor Filipino independence; the decision to allow the free entry of the US soldier into the archipelago would prove to be a most stupid military decision, enabling the vile Americans to position themselves to steal Philippine independence--staging the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that  the Americans instead of the Filipinos defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines as supposed basis for the  ridiculous December 1898 Treaty of Paris that 'ceded' the former Spanish colony to the US.


Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

7 JULY

1892 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and other radical members of La Liga Filipina found the Filipino secret society Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan  (KKK)  with the expressed aim of complete separation from colonial Spain a few days after the arrest of polymath and reformist patriot, Jose Mercado Rizal; the concept of the Katipunan, which will turn into a revolutionary government four years later, is said to be distinct from the reformist aims of Rizal and other ilustrado propagandists in that it wields the concept of building a state that is not only politically independent from Spain but as well have moral, civic, and political goals to be constructed from the indigenous perspective(s) of all the islands--a nation they will call  TAGALOG [referring] to all born in the Philippines from whatever ethnic group they belong; the Katipunan would launch the Himagsikan (Revolution) against Spain in August 1896 under the leadership of the Bonifacio as Supreme President.

1899 - More than a month after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo had Gen. Antonio Luna assassinated, dispatches from Manila contain the statement that General Luna’s death has strengthened Aguinaldo’s leadereship. “Luna’s supporters are now outwardly loyal to Aguinaldo.”; Aguinaldo has been widely blamed for setting a trap for Luna's assassination on June 5, 1899, 5 months into the Philippine-American War (1899-1904), because he did not meet Luna despite his signed telegram calling him to a conference and because during the murder, Aguinaldo's mother looked out the window and asked: Is he still breathing?"; historian Teodoro Kalaw would write that Aguinaldo also ordered his other subordinates including Gen. Gregorio del Pilar to capture Gen. Luna 'dead or alive,' prompting the Bulakeno boy-general to leave for Bamban and Mabalacat to execute the bloody task although the President's bodyguards got to Luna first.

6 JULY

1898 - In what will prove to be a most stupid military decision,  Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy of the fledgling Philippine Republic  assures imperialist United States Gen. Thomas M. Anderson that he has  already ordered his "people not to interfere" with the North American  forces who has been entering the Southeast Asian archipelago  during the Spanish-American War; Aguinaldo, who has led Filipinos to defeat the Spanish forces at almost every encounter and win control over almost the entire northern provinces and the bay coast from colonial Spanish forces during the so-called second phase of the Revolution, had forged an alliance with the Americans after earlier being deceptively assured by United States Commodore  George Dewey and other military diplomatic Bald Eagle officials including Anderson himself, that the US is an ally who will respect Philippine independence; in a few months, the  sinister and eventually successful  invasion plan of the Bald Eagle nation against the Philippines will be revealed, initially through the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that will falsely show to the world that it is the Americans instead of the Filipinos that have defeated the Spaniards in the islands, and then when the imperialist US generals instigate the bloody and protracted  Philippine-American War (1899-1914) seven months later; Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, Aguinaldo's adviser and future Prime Minister, will later express his belief in his memoirs that Aguinaldo, who in 1897 violently wrested the revolutionary leadership from Katipunan Supreme President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro,  "accepted [the verbal promises] because he [feared] that other influential Filipinos should (rob him of glory and) reach an understanding with the Americans in the name of the people."




Image credit: University of Texas

5 JULY

1896 - Several weeks before the breakout of the Philippine  Revolution, the Spanish colonial authorities sense activities relating  to the secret-organization-turned-revolutuionary government, the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan  (KKK) , with  Lieutenant Manuel Sityar of the Guardia Civil stationed in Pasig  sending a confidential letter to the Civil Governor of Manila informing  him of how certain individuals, especially in Mandaluyong and San  Juan del Monte, are enlisting men for unknown purposes, making  them sign in pledge with their own blood; the Katipunan is a anticolonial secret society established by Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, future KKK Supreme President,  Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Deodato Arellano and Valentin Diaz on 7 July 1892, with political, moral and civic aims and a clear concept of one nation they referred to as TAGALOG [referring] to all born in the Philippines from whatever ethnic groups they belong.

4 JULY

Imperialist US Gen. Anderson

1898 - Three weeks after the declaration of the Philippine Independence when the Filipinos  have already wrested control of most of the archipelago from the Spaniards, United States Gen. Thomas M. Anderson, in command of the North American land forces during the Spanish-American War that intersected with the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, writes to  President Emilio Aguinaldo asking him for cooperation in the American war with Spain,  deceptively expressing supposed American sympathy with the people of the Philippine Islands; the imperialist Bald Eagle officer will even request--and be stupidly granted by Aguinaldo--that their forces be allowed free entry into the Southeast Asian archipelago and that in seven months' time, the Bald Eagle will reveal its true, sinister imperialistic design on the Philippines, deliberately and secretly instigating the bloody Filipino-American War (1899-1914), with  Gen. Anderson seeing action in the 1899 Battle of Manila where he will capture Pasay and afterwards, leading his division in minor engagements at Santana, San Pedro and Guadalupe.
Anderson is only one among the imperialist American military and diplomatic officers--notably including Admiral George Dewey and  US Consul in Singapore and Rounseville Wildman--who took turns in deceptively promising Aguinaldo that they will honor Philippine Independence while forging an alliance against colonial Spain; Anderson, for his part, specifically told Aguinaldo that "the United States have been a great nation for 122 years, and have never had or desired a colony. I leave you to draw your own inference."

3 JULY

1892 - Filipino patriot and polymath Jose Mercado Rizal founds the La Liga Filipina, a secret civic society  aiming to promote social betterment, mutual protection, and solidarity of Filipino natives during the Spanish Colonial era; realizing the futility of their decade-long propaganda campaign for political reform mainly as exiles and expatriates in the 'mother' country, Rizal and other patriots inaugurate the La Liga at the house of Doroteo Ongjuco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila, with its bolder reformist aims seeking the natives' direct involvement; having the motto "Unus instar omnium" or "One for All," the La Liga's membership is at least initially dominated by the educated and wealthy Filipinos, with Ambrosio Salvador, Agustin dela Rosa, Bonefacio Arevalo, and Deodato Arellano as officers; Rizal has returned to the Philippines from Europe to found the society but will soon be arrested and exiled to Dapitan by Spanish officials who consider the La Liga's objectives dangerous; Rizal's arrest would soon prompt the founding of the secret society Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)  aiming  to completely sever ties with colonial Spain by a group of radicals including Andres Bonifacio y de Castro who would nonetheless greatly work to organize La Liga chapters in various Manila districts before its eventual dissolution within several months.

Un Peso Banknote

1899 - Five months into the Filipino-American War (1899-1914), the fledgling Philippine Republic under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issues paper currency in  denominations of one, two, five, twenty, fifty and hundred pesos, with future autonomist  [collaborator for American rule]  Pedro A. Paterno, among others, being empowered to sign them jointly or severally; banknotes, with those bearing serial numbers signatures to be rarely issued as they are circulated along with 2 centimos de peso copper coins, are printed amidst the Filipinos' determination to assert their new-found independence from former Spanish colonial rulers against the invading imperialist forces of the Bald Eagle nation.



Photo credits:

http://philmoney.blogspot.com/

Antonio, et al. Turning Points I' 2007 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&dq=%22la+liga+filipina%22+bonifacio&source=gbs_navlinks_s

2 JULY

1899 - Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, Foreign Affairs Minister of the fledgling Philippine Republic under siege from the enemy Bald Eagle forces,  writes to his friends, including Isidro de los Santos, deploring the killing of Gen. Antonio  Luna y Novicio (who was assassinated less than a month ago on apparent orders of President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ) and also stating how  the thermal baths at Balungaw have hardly improved his health  five months into the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914);

--  imperialist  representative Jacob G. Schurman of the Philippine Commission [translation: United  States colonial body commission to help invade the Philippines] returns to Manila from a  three-week tour in the southern islands and  expresses his ridiculous impression that supposedly, "the  intelligent and substantial citizens desire an American protectorate" as the "masses are  awaiting the settlement [of the ongoing Fil-Am War] in Luzon before making any  commitment"; as reported by the New York Times,  Schurman based his statements on his three-week tour of the Southern as he claims that the local chief of Santo Nicolas in Cebu told him that they want desire food, peace, and prosperity instead of fighting; Schurman's statements apparently form just one of the many propaganda lies and deception perpetrated by Bald Eagle officials, beginning with   Admiral George Dewey who in May 1898 forged an alliance with the Filipino revolutionaries to fight Spain, deceptively promising that America will honor Philippine independence, allowing Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, leader of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, to stupidly permit the free entry of American soldiers into the archipelago, thus enabling the future enemy imperialist forces to position themselves for the Mock Battle of Manila that will wrongly show the world that the colonial Spaniards in the islands were defeated by the US forces instead of the Filipinos; Schurman's propaganda comes nearly a year after Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence, with majority of the Southeast Asian islands already in the hands of the natives, and a mere five months after the enemy Americans deliberately instigated the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War  (1899-1914) in the bid  of US President William McKinley to make the Congress ratify the Treaty of Paris and, thus, vote for the annexation [read: invasion] of the Philippines.


 Photo Credit: inauguration.cornell.edu/

1 JULY

Gov-Gen Agustin   -  Gat Apolinario Mabini

1898 - Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, chief adviser of Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the fledgling Philippine Republic, requests permission to  proceed to Manila to persuade Spanish Governor-General Basilio Agustin to surrender to the  Filipinos during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain; the request comes after  the Independence of the Southeast Asian archipelago was declared three weeks earlier by Aguinaldo as majority of the islands already fell under the control of the native freedom-fighters;  exactly two years later, on July 1, 1900, Aguinaldo's decree providing that the highest authority in the  Catholic Church in the Philippines be the Military Vicar General recognized by the President of the Philippine Republic becomes effective, thus regulating the exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction by Catholic officials; the 1900 decree is situated within the context of the precarious situation of the  Republic amidst the full-blown invasion by the imperialist United States during the bloody and what would be the protracted Filipino-American War  (1899-1914).

30 JUNE

1897 - More than one and a half months after bloodily sealing his usurpation of revolutionary leadership from Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo has the nerve to call on everyone who possesseses honor and the sense of personal dignity, the Filipino, the Asiatic, the American and the European all alike suffer; to join the Revolution against Spain; Aguinaldo earlier dislodged Bonifacio, Supreme President of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), from the helm of revolutionary leadership through the fraudulent and anomalous March 1897  Tejeros Convention, subsequently ordering the dead-or-alive abduction of Bonifacio, his kangaroo court martial and then the assassination-cum-execution of the Supremo and his brother Procopio on May 10, 1897; one of the other "winners" in the Tejeros Convention, Gen. Artemio Ricarte, issued a declaration stating in part that the Tejeros Convention "had not been in conformity with the true will of the people"  as a Katipunan official earlier warned Bonifacio of  ballots pre-filled with Magdalo names, apparently prompting Bonifacio to issue the Acta de Tejeros that nullified the results of the elections and later co-signing the Naik Military Agreement that declared several Filipino revolutionaries (referring to but not naming the side of Aguinaldo) as having committed treason against the nation and the revolution by trying to forge a peace pact with the enemy Spanish colonial forces; Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, future key adviser of Aguinaldo, will a few years later write in his memoirs that Aguinaldo was behind the "crime" of the "assassination" of the Supremo.

29 JUNE

1944 - Imperialist United States decrees its right to retain military, naval, and air bases in  its colony, the Philippines, via Joint Resolution No. 83 approved by the US Congress, supposedly intended for the 'mutual  protection' of the colony and itself and or the  maintenance of peace in the Pacific;  the resolution,  passed during World War II  while their Southeast Asian colony is temporarily under Japanese hands, was originally but  minimally enshrined in the Tydings-McDuffie Law that empowered the Bald Eagle nation to only retain naval bases; the North American nation will "grant" pathetic Philippines its independence  in 1946 but not before establishing  several colonizing mechanisms through agreements,  treaties aimed at manipulating and controlling Filipinos' political and economic lives, which were to materialize as the controversial RP-US Military Bases Agreement (MBA) to be signed by Philippine President Manuel A. Roxas and United States Ambassador Paul V. McNutt at Malacanang in March 1947, some eight months after Philippines was given its 'Independence' following the end of World War II; the MBA will  primarily give Americans access to 22 military, naval, and air bases in the Philippines in the guise of  providing mutual defense to the two countries.

28 JUNE

1571 - The first session of the Ayuntamiento is held in Manila, Philippine islands, during  the early decades of Spanish colonial rule in the Southeast Asian archipelago; also known as cabildo, the ayuntamiento was a colonial administrative council governing a municipality, with every Spanish colonial municipality in the Philippines (and the Southern Americas)  theoretically having an ayuntamiento each; ayuntamiento edifices were often excellent in  style, as seen in the Manila Ayuntamiento, which would later also be the site where imperialist  representatives Spanish Governor General  Jaudenes and American General Wesley Merrit will  sign the supposedly official change of colonial power over pathetic colony, the Philippines, some 300 years later when the emerging imperialist, the Bald Eagle nation, will con the Filipino freedom fighters into thinking the United States is an ally against Spain during the Philippine Revolution and will supposedly honor  Philippine Independence,  forging an alliance with them during the Spanish-American War, which intersected with the Philippine Revolution, but subsequently stealing their independence by staging the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that it is the Americans instead of the Filipinos that defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines, later signing the de facto baseless December 1898 Treaty of Paris, and then following it all up by provoking the start of the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War  (1899-1914).



Photo credit:  https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5AufTWygkr7f-KCGk9n0rtGRbk4EAL9bMP1Lmpqo41WrXG8-6OSMHtW2Giw8pemk9hxhOGrIUIYRH7_KQsP_QAKZG96Lnqs0Nx5XjaqIp2o1_lylCIadzRN0WXtGPQK29wW4PHLw3RRB1/s1600/ayuntamiento.jpg

27 JUNE

1864 - Father Apolonio Burgos y Garcia publishes during the Spanish colonial period a superb defense of native Catholic priests in the Philippines, his  Manifesto to the Noble Spanish People Which the Loyal Filipinos Address in Defense of their  Honor and Loyalty; therein, the native priest deplores the racist assertions by white writers with inflated sense of their racial stock, alleging that their pale-skinned race is superior over the colored ones; Burgos also bewails the racial indignities the colonial Spanish authorities subject the natives of the Southeast Asian archipelago to; the Filipino priest Burgos will later be executed, along with  fellow clergymen Mariano Gómez and Jacinto Zamora who have been peacefully fighting for equal rights of native priests vis-a-vis Spanish friars, during the infamous execution of the  GOMBURZA triumvirate in February 1872 based on false charges of subversion and practically without any defense in connection with the trial for the Cavite Mutiny.

26 JUNE

1854 - Manuel de Pavia y Lacy, Governor-General of the Philippine Islands during the Spanish colonial period, decrees the establishment of “Cartas de radio” (special radius permit), in the Central Luzon provinces of Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga and Tondo; the use of Cartas de radio, an identification paper aiming to distinguish the public from strangers, is to supposedly ensure peace and order by barring the entry of strangers into any province without proper identity paper(s); holding colonial office beginning from 1852, Pavia established monthly mail service between Manila and Hongkong and, as well, prisoners' funds amounting to four cuartos for a day of work as a way of helping prisoners deal with life outside following their release; Pavia will return to Madrid to unsuccessfully defend Queen Isabella II during the Spanish Revolution of 1868 and will die in the same  in 1896;  during Pavia's term as colonial governor of the Southeast Asian islands, he reequipped the colonizing army and suppressed a formidable 1854 mutiny by a number of Filipino native troops.



Photo credit: http://www.todocoleccion.net/excmo-sr-don-manuel-pavia-lacy-marques-novaliches-capitan-general-ejercito~x25487835