3 JULY

1892 - Filipino patriot and polymath Jose Mercado Rizal founds the La Liga Filipina, a secret civic society  aiming to promote social betterment, mutual protection, and solidarity of Filipino natives during the Spanish Colonial era; realizing the futility of their decade-long propaganda campaign for political reform mainly as exiles and expatriates in the 'mother' country, Rizal and other patriots inaugurate the La Liga at the house of Doroteo Ongjuco in Ilaya St., Tondo, Manila, with its bolder reformist aims seeking the natives' direct involvement; having the motto "Unus instar omnium" or "One for All," the La Liga's membership is at least initially dominated by the educated and wealthy Filipinos, with Ambrosio Salvador, Agustin dela Rosa, Bonefacio Arevalo, and Deodato Arellano as officers; Rizal has returned to the Philippines from Europe to found the society but will soon be arrested and exiled to Dapitan by Spanish officials who consider the La Liga's objectives dangerous; Rizal's arrest would soon prompt the founding of the secret society Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK)  aiming  to completely sever ties with colonial Spain by a group of radicals including Andres Bonifacio y de Castro who would nonetheless greatly work to organize La Liga chapters in various Manila districts before its eventual dissolution within several months.

Un Peso Banknote

1899 - Five months into the Filipino-American War (1899-1914), the fledgling Philippine Republic under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issues paper currency in  denominations of one, two, five, twenty, fifty and hundred pesos, with future autonomist  [collaborator for American rule]  Pedro A. Paterno, among others, being empowered to sign them jointly or severally; banknotes, with those bearing serial numbers signatures to be rarely issued as they are circulated along with 2 centimos de peso copper coins, are printed amidst the Filipinos' determination to assert their new-found independence from former Spanish colonial rulers against the invading imperialist forces of the Bald Eagle nation.



Photo credits:

http://philmoney.blogspot.com/

Antonio, et al. Turning Points I' 2007 Ed. Rex Bookstore, Inc.
http://books.google.com/books?id=Lb8a7P_2InIC&dq=%22la+liga+filipina%22+bonifacio&source=gbs_navlinks_s

2 JULY

1899 - Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, Foreign Affairs Minister of the fledgling Philippine Republic under siege from the enemy Bald Eagle forces,  writes to his friends, including Isidro de los Santos, deploring the killing of Gen. Antonio  Luna y Novicio (who was assassinated less than a month ago on apparent orders of President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy ) and also stating how  the thermal baths at Balungaw have hardly improved his health  five months into the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914);

--  imperialist  representative Jacob G. Schurman of the Philippine Commission [translation: United  States colonial body commission to help invade the Philippines] returns to Manila from a  three-week tour in the southern islands and  expresses his ridiculous impression that supposedly, "the  intelligent and substantial citizens desire an American protectorate" as the "masses are  awaiting the settlement [of the ongoing Fil-Am War] in Luzon before making any  commitment"; as reported by the New York Times,  Schurman based his statements on his three-week tour of the Southern as he claims that the local chief of Santo Nicolas in Cebu told him that they want desire food, peace, and prosperity instead of fighting; Schurman's statements apparently form just one of the many propaganda lies and deception perpetrated by Bald Eagle officials, beginning with   Admiral George Dewey who in May 1898 forged an alliance with the Filipino revolutionaries to fight Spain, deceptively promising that America will honor Philippine independence, allowing Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, leader of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, to stupidly permit the free entry of American soldiers into the archipelago, thus enabling the future enemy imperialist forces to position themselves for the Mock Battle of Manila that will wrongly show the world that the colonial Spaniards in the islands were defeated by the US forces instead of the Filipinos; Schurman's propaganda comes nearly a year after Aguinaldo declared Philippine Independence, with majority of the Southeast Asian islands already in the hands of the natives, and a mere five months after the enemy Americans deliberately instigated the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War  (1899-1914) in the bid  of US President William McKinley to make the Congress ratify the Treaty of Paris and, thus, vote for the annexation [read: invasion] of the Philippines.


 Photo Credit: inauguration.cornell.edu/

1 JULY

Gov-Gen Agustin   -  Gat Apolinario Mabini

1898 - Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, chief adviser of Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the fledgling Philippine Republic, requests permission to  proceed to Manila to persuade Spanish Governor-General Basilio Agustin to surrender to the  Filipinos during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain; the request comes after  the Independence of the Southeast Asian archipelago was declared three weeks earlier by Aguinaldo as majority of the islands already fell under the control of the native freedom-fighters;  exactly two years later, on July 1, 1900, Aguinaldo's decree providing that the highest authority in the  Catholic Church in the Philippines be the Military Vicar General recognized by the President of the Philippine Republic becomes effective, thus regulating the exercise of ecclesiastical jurisdiction by Catholic officials; the 1900 decree is situated within the context of the precarious situation of the  Republic amidst the full-blown invasion by the imperialist United States during the bloody and what would be the protracted Filipino-American War  (1899-1914).

30 JUNE

1897 - More than one and a half months after bloodily sealing his usurpation of revolutionary leadership from Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo has the nerve to call on everyone who possesseses honor and the sense of personal dignity, the Filipino, the Asiatic, the American and the European all alike suffer; to join the Revolution against Spain; Aguinaldo earlier dislodged Bonifacio, Supreme President of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK), from the helm of revolutionary leadership through the fraudulent and anomalous March 1897  Tejeros Convention, subsequently ordering the dead-or-alive abduction of Bonifacio, his kangaroo court martial and then the assassination-cum-execution of the Supremo and his brother Procopio on May 10, 1897; one of the other "winners" in the Tejeros Convention, Gen. Artemio Ricarte, issued a declaration stating in part that the Tejeros Convention "had not been in conformity with the true will of the people"  as a Katipunan official earlier warned Bonifacio of  ballots pre-filled with Magdalo names, apparently prompting Bonifacio to issue the Acta de Tejeros that nullified the results of the elections and later co-signing the Naik Military Agreement that declared several Filipino revolutionaries (referring to but not naming the side of Aguinaldo) as having committed treason against the nation and the revolution by trying to forge a peace pact with the enemy Spanish colonial forces; Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, future key adviser of Aguinaldo, will a few years later write in his memoirs that Aguinaldo was behind the "crime" of the "assassination" of the Supremo.

29 JUNE

1944 - Imperialist United States decrees its right to retain military, naval, and air bases in  its colony, the Philippines, via Joint Resolution No. 83 approved by the US Congress, supposedly intended for the 'mutual  protection' of the colony and itself and or the  maintenance of peace in the Pacific;  the resolution,  passed during World War II  while their Southeast Asian colony is temporarily under Japanese hands, was originally but  minimally enshrined in the Tydings-McDuffie Law that empowered the Bald Eagle nation to only retain naval bases; the North American nation will "grant" pathetic Philippines its independence  in 1946 but not before establishing  several colonizing mechanisms through agreements,  treaties aimed at manipulating and controlling Filipinos' political and economic lives, which were to materialize as the controversial RP-US Military Bases Agreement (MBA) to be signed by Philippine President Manuel A. Roxas and United States Ambassador Paul V. McNutt at Malacanang in March 1947, some eight months after Philippines was given its 'Independence' following the end of World War II; the MBA will  primarily give Americans access to 22 military, naval, and air bases in the Philippines in the guise of  providing mutual defense to the two countries.

28 JUNE

1571 - The first session of the Ayuntamiento is held in Manila, Philippine islands, during  the early decades of Spanish colonial rule in the Southeast Asian archipelago; also known as cabildo, the ayuntamiento was a colonial administrative council governing a municipality, with every Spanish colonial municipality in the Philippines (and the Southern Americas)  theoretically having an ayuntamiento each; ayuntamiento edifices were often excellent in  style, as seen in the Manila Ayuntamiento, which would later also be the site where imperialist  representatives Spanish Governor General  Jaudenes and American General Wesley Merrit will  sign the supposedly official change of colonial power over pathetic colony, the Philippines, some 300 years later when the emerging imperialist, the Bald Eagle nation, will con the Filipino freedom fighters into thinking the United States is an ally against Spain during the Philippine Revolution and will supposedly honor  Philippine Independence,  forging an alliance with them during the Spanish-American War, which intersected with the Philippine Revolution, but subsequently stealing their independence by staging the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that it is the Americans instead of the Filipinos that defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines, later signing the de facto baseless December 1898 Treaty of Paris, and then following it all up by provoking the start of the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War  (1899-1914).



Photo credit:  https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5AufTWygkr7f-KCGk9n0rtGRbk4EAL9bMP1Lmpqo41WrXG8-6OSMHtW2Giw8pemk9hxhOGrIUIYRH7_KQsP_QAKZG96Lnqs0Nx5XjaqIp2o1_lylCIadzRN0WXtGPQK29wW4PHLw3RRB1/s1600/ayuntamiento.jpg

27 JUNE

1864 - Father Apolonio Burgos y Garcia publishes during the Spanish colonial period a superb defense of native Catholic priests in the Philippines, his  Manifesto to the Noble Spanish People Which the Loyal Filipinos Address in Defense of their  Honor and Loyalty; therein, the native priest deplores the racist assertions by white writers with inflated sense of their racial stock, alleging that their pale-skinned race is superior over the colored ones; Burgos also bewails the racial indignities the colonial Spanish authorities subject the natives of the Southeast Asian archipelago to; the Filipino priest Burgos will later be executed, along with  fellow clergymen Mariano Gómez and Jacinto Zamora who have been peacefully fighting for equal rights of native priests vis-a-vis Spanish friars, during the infamous execution of the  GOMBURZA triumvirate in February 1872 based on false charges of subversion and practically without any defense in connection with the trial for the Cavite Mutiny.

26 JUNE

1854 - Manuel de Pavia y Lacy, Governor-General of the Philippine Islands during the Spanish colonial period, decrees the establishment of “Cartas de radio” (special radius permit), in the Central Luzon provinces of Laguna, Cavite, Bulacan, Pampanga and Tondo; the use of Cartas de radio, an identification paper aiming to distinguish the public from strangers, is to supposedly ensure peace and order by barring the entry of strangers into any province without proper identity paper(s); holding colonial office beginning from 1852, Pavia established monthly mail service between Manila and Hongkong and, as well, prisoners' funds amounting to four cuartos for a day of work as a way of helping prisoners deal with life outside following their release; Pavia will return to Madrid to unsuccessfully defend Queen Isabella II during the Spanish Revolution of 1868 and will die in the same  in 1896;  during Pavia's term as colonial governor of the Southeast Asian islands, he reequipped the colonizing army and suppressed a formidable 1854 mutiny by a number of Filipino native troops.



Photo credit: http://www.todocoleccion.net/excmo-sr-don-manuel-pavia-lacy-marques-novaliches-capitan-general-ejercito~x25487835

25 JUNE

1898 - American Consul General at Hong Kong Rounseville Wildman foxily writes Philippine President Emilio  Aguinaldo y Famy  convincing him to stand shoulder to shoulder with what will be the future invading American forces, saying that he has supposedly "vouched for [Aguinaldo's] honesty and  earnestness of purpose to the President of the United States and to [the American] people,"  during the Revolution after the Filipinos have declared Independence following their liberation of majority of areas of the archipelago from the hands of the Spanish colonizers; the communications of  Wildman, who will later apparently rip off Aguinaldo of P67,000 intended for a  second shipment of arms and ammunition, have been instrumental in making Aguinaldo stupidly trust imperialist  Commodore George Dewey with whom he forged an alliance against Spain and his deceptive promises of honoring Philippine Independence; Aguinaldo will soon stupidly allow the American forces to freely enter Philippine territory and thereby position themselves for their sinister scheme of invading the fledgling Southeast Asian Republic, erupting into the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War  (1899-1914).

24 JUNE

1898 - Gregorio del Pilar y Sempio liberates the town of Bulakan, Bulakan province from  the Spanish forces during the second phase of the Philippine  Revolution against Spain; Filipino revolutionaries some weeks ago earlier scored major victories in the province,  capturing and taking the station in Bigaa, Bulacan, which was garrisoned by 24 men of the Spanish Infantry and Rural Guards and taking control of nine (9) other Bulacan towns; earlier in 1897, he gained some level of revolutionary fame when he led an assault on the Spanish barracks in the town convent of Paombong in Bulakan, permitting him to gain the confidence of, and be included in the circle of revolutionary leaders by, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, leader of the second phase of the Himagsikan;  Gregorio took part in the earlier Propaganda Movement, such as in  helping his uncle Marcelo H. del Pilar clandestinely circulate anti-friar materials and copies of the illegal propaganda periodical, La Solidaridad and then later joined the  secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kagalanggalangang Katipunan  nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) then led by Supreme President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro who was subsequently deposed and then ordered assassinated/executed by Aguinaldo in May 1897; one of the youngest generals of the  Filipino forces, Gregorio del Pilar will soon be promoted  brigadier-general and will also be responsible for the  successful repulsion of the imperialist United States invaders in  the Battle of Quingua (Plaridel) where Bald Eagle enemy officer Col. John M.  Stotsenberg  will be killed by valiant Filipino freedom-fighters in April 1899 during the early phase of the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914).

23 JUNE

1898 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy changes the form of  government from  Dictatorial to Revolutionary following the  recent Declaration of Philippine Independence when most but  not yet all of the provinces and cities have been liberated by the Filipino patriots during the second phase of the Revolution against Spain; President Aguinaldo, who has acted upon the  advice of Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, his chief adviser, also issues a  decree establishing a Revolutionary Committee abroad;  unknown to Aguinaldo, who earlier forged an alliance with American Admiral George Dewey to fight Spain and subsequently apparently duped into stupidly thinking that the rising  imperialist nation the United States of America is an ally,  the two colonial countries are to later sign a peace protocol to halt Spanish-American War hostilities,  thus 'authorizing' the Bald Eagle nation to occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty set to  define the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines; Spain and the U.S will stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila to falsely show to the world that it is the Bald Eagle soldiers instead of the Filipinos who have defeated the Spaniards, sign the  Treaty of Paris that will ridiculously and baselessly 'cede' the Philippines  to the imperialist U.S. and by February 1899, the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) will commence.

22 JUNE

1900 - Sixteen months into the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) but after the invading imperialist United States forces have arrested some key people of the fledgling Philippine Republic, Gen. Arthur McArthur, the assigned American 'military ruler,' offers former Philippine Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini y Maranan amnesty in exchange for swearing fealty to the Bald Eagle flag; Mabini, considered as the "Brains of the [second phase of] the Revolution," was jailed for being "a most active agitator" [translation: patriot] and persistently and defiantly refusing amnesty, and maintaining correspondence with insurgents [translation: defenders of the Philippine Republic]; even when Mabini will finally take his oath of allegiance to the US in 1903 after two years of being exiled to Guam in his yearning to return to his homeland shortly before his death from illness, Mabini will supposedly resume his patriotic work of agitating for independence; it is in exile that Mabini will write "The Philippine Revolution" based on his memoirs of the Himagsikan against Spain, including the part of the "crime" of the "assassination" of the Supreme President of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan Andres Bonifacio y de Castro on orders of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy under whose short-lived presidency Mabini served as key adviser and Prime Minister.

 Raw photo credit: http://mrrml355.blogspot.com/2011/02/sublime-paralytic.html

21 JUNE

Pedro Paterno - autonomist/traitor

1899 - During the early phase of the bloody and protracted  Filipino-American War  (1899-1914), Pedro Paterno and Felipe Buencamino, "autonomists" dubbed by Gen. Antonio Luna y Novicio as traitors  to Philippine independence,  present to the invader North Americans their  "peace" proposals; on this same day in 1900, one year and five months after the greedy and bullying United States invaded the fledgling Philippine  Republic, Gen. Arthur MacArthur, assigned to be the military 'ruler' of the Philippine Islands, plays the propaganda game  by issuing an 'amnesty' decree to the native defenders and insanely calling  the rightful war staged by Filipinos as 'insurrection' against  the US; only more than a year earlier around May 1898, the emerging imperialist Bald Eagle nation through Admiral George Dewey forged an alliance with the Filipino revolutionaries to fight Spain, deceptively promising--along with other military/diplomatic Bald Eagle leaders such as US Consul in Singapore and Hongkong Rounseville Wildman and E. Spencer Pratt--that America will honor Filipino independence; subsequently, Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, leader of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, will stupidly allow the free entry of American soldiers into the archipelago, thus enabling the future enemy imperialist forces to position themselves for the Mock Battle of Manila that will wrongly show the world that the colonial Spaniards in the islands were defeated by the US forces instead of the Filipino revolutionaries, and subsequently, facilitate American invasion of the Philippines.

20 JUNE

1899 -  10,000  Murata rifles, 6,000,000 rounds of ammunition, and other war supplies purchased by Mariano Ponce from the Japanese start sailing aboard the Nonubiki Maru from Nagasaki to the Philippines four months into the Filipino-American War  (1899-1914); earlier in  September 1898, Ponce and F. Lichaucho had sought approval  for arms purchase in a letter to Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, Foreign Affairs Minister and chief adviser of President  Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, stating that Japanese  officials are inclined to favor the Philippine cause against the North American imperialist aggression although they only wish to avoid "the possibility of a conflict with...  the Yankee one"; unfortunately, the privately-charted Japanese steamer will sink during a typhoon in the South China Sea before reaching the Philippines, the Bald Eagle nation through Admiral George Dewey had some 13 months earlier forged an alliance with Aguinaldo to fight Spain, deceptively promising the then-revolutionary leader that the United States would honor Filipino independence, only to instigate the Phil-Am War and manipulate news about it in the bid of US President William McKinley to make the Senate vote for the annexation [read: invasion] of the Southeast Asian archipelago and to approve the Treaty of Paris; the New York Times will erroneously report that the report about the arms shipment is false based on a supposed story in a Tokyo newspaper, saying that while Japanese:

"...admire the pluck of the Filipino people, who belong to the same race and with whom the Japanese have had some close relations in the past [they] are not badly disposed toward the Americans."

Photo credit: http://ngayonsakasaysayan.blogspot.com/

19 JUNE

1861 - Jose Rizal (José Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda), one of the two future implied national heroes of the Philippine Republic, is born as the  seventh child of Francisco Mercado and Teodora Alonzo in Calamba in Laguna province  during the Spanish colonial rule  in the Southeast Asian archipelago; along with Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena,  he will form the great triumvirate of the reformist Propaganda movement that  will aim to awaken Spain as to the needs of its colony, the Philippines, and to make for a closer and more equal association of the archipelago and  supposed motherland, Spain; Rizal's patriotic writings, particularly the Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, will  significantly inspire the other national hero, Andres Bonifacio y de  Castro, into organizing in 1892 the nationalistic secret society aiming for complete separation from colonial Spain, the  Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan  (KKK) that would transform into a revolutionary government  in 1896;  Rizal would be arrested, tried, and found guilty by a Spanish kangaroo court martial (and subsequently executed) on charges of sedition, rebellion, and conspiracy in connection with the Philippine Revolution;  following the discovery of the Katipunan, Supreme President Bonifacio will seek  Rizal's advice with regards the launching of Himagsikan, which the latter will later disown and condemn in his belief that the Filipino revolutionaries should first be fully armed and prepared before taking on the Spaniards.