3 JUNE

1898 - Filipino troops take control of areas of Manila--Caloocan, Tondo, Santa Cruz, San Juan del Monte, Santolan as their counterparts in Zapote, Cavite province numbering only about 500 drive back the 3,500-strong enemy Spanish forces, while Spaniards in Calamba, Laguna surrender to Gen. Paciano Rizal following three days of fighting during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain; Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo-- who had earlier forged a truce with the enemy Spaniards within a few months after seizing revolutionary leadership from, and eliminating the Supremo of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga  Anak nang Bayan,  President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro--returned two weeks earlier from self-exile to resume the Himagsikan apparently after being convinced by imperialist United States Admiral George Dewey; Aguinaldo has formed an alliance with Dewey who has deceptively assured him believe that the Bald Eagle nation is a friend and ally of the Philippines and will honor its independence from Spain; in nine days' time, the Southeast Asian archipelago will declare its Independence but eight months later, the U.S. will begin its formal invasion of the fledgling Republic after instigating hostilities to trigger what would turn out to be the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914).


Photo credit: http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/emilioaguinaldoreturns.htm

2 JUNE

1931 - Juan Sumulong y Marquez, dubbed the "Brains of the Opposition" during the ascendancy of Manuel L. Quezon, first President of the Philippine Senate and the Commonwealth [dependent territory] during the American Colonial period, resigns from the Democrata party due to poor health; a revolutionary during the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Sumulong became a member of the Philippine Commission [read: imperialist American-sponsored legislative body] from 1909-1913, later becoming a senator after several previous unsuccessful candidacies;  one of the political figures opposed to the Hare-Hawes Cutting Act that grants  the United States continued sovereignty over U.S. Military Reservations in the country, Sumulong would later bitterly denounce what will be the coalition of Quezon's Partido Nacionalista and the opposition party of Sergio S. Osmena, believing that political representation should instead be balanced to prevent oligarchy. 


Photo credit: Wikipedia

1 JUNE

1898 - The capitulation of Spanish colonial forces led by Major Juan Enriquez to Filipino revolutionary leader, Captain Simeon Dionisio of Bataan province during the so-called second phase of the Philippine Revolution is formalized in Pilar town in the "Acta de capitulacion, Pilar, Bataan, 1 de Junio 1898"; the Act is certified by the Secretary Albino Reyes, with signatories including Capt. Dionisio on the Filipino side and on the Spanish side, Maj. Enriquez who has supposedly witnessed the futility of further resisting the wave of Philippine revolution and has found it wiser to avert needless greater bloodshed; one year and ten months earlier, the Filipinos launched the Himagsikan under the initial leadership of revolutionary President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Supremo of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, in the bid to free their land from the oppressive yoke of Spanish colonization.

Raw photo credit:  http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRpBKTN7pj_u0_BGv7-AE8UTw1QYRFdO0TI2Jz7_n1UNeoIPTqf&t=1

31 MAY

1898 - Twelve noon of this date is calendared  as the day for a general uprising by Filipino revolutionary leader Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy  during the so-called second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain; Aguinaldo, who had a year earlier wrested revolutionary leadership from  President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro (Supremo of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga  Anak nang Bayan),  forged an alliance with the Americans, stupidly believing American Commodore George Dewey's deceptive assurances that United States is an ally against Spain;  upon Dewey's advice, Aguinaldo will later allow US  troops to freely enter Philippine territory and before long, the Americans will reveal their sinister imperialistic design and invade the Philippines, with the enemy generals instigating the Philippine-American War (1899-1914) on February 4, 1899 under the vile pre-arranged plan of Bald Eagle President William McKinley to precipitate a war in the bid to trick the U.S. Senate to approve the Treaty of Paris and thus secure approval and funding for military operations to annex [read:invade] the Philippines as part of the imperialist policy for America's overseas expansion.


Photo credit: https://www.thehistoricalarchive.com/images/products/509.jpg

30 MAY

Hen. Vicente R. Lukban

1901 - P. Abayan, the local chief of Balangiga, Samar informs Gen. Vicente Lukban y Rilles that the Principales of his town have agreed that they will maintain a policy of contrived friendship with the enemy troops of the imperialist United States during the early stage of the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914); the seething desire of the Balangiga residents to fight for the preservation of Philippine Independence the Filipinos earlier gained following the Revolution against the Spanish colonizers will ultimately be quelled by the fierce brutality of American Gen. Jacob Smith's "kill and burn" policy that will soon turn Samar into a "howling wilderness"; the Filipino freedom-fighters in Samar have engaged in guerrilla-style offensive to defend the fledgling Southeast Asian nation's dignity and independence against the pale-skinned North American enemies, including the surprise Balanginga incident/attack in their church headquarters four months later, prompting the gruesomely barbaric 'retaliatory' order of the invading Bald Eagle army's Gen. Smith to "kill everyone over ten"; the U.S. decided to invade the Philippines  for its rich natural resources, including its "mountains of coal" and its strategic importance to American commercial interests; the Filipino-American War  was secretly precipitated  under the vile pre-arranged plan of  Bald Eagle President William McKinley who schemed to push the American Congress into approving the ridiculous Treaty of Paris  wherein Spain supposedly 'cedes' its former colony to the US following the infamous August 13, 1898 Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that it is their forces--instead of the Filipino revolutionaries-- who defeated the Spanish colonizers.

29 MAY

Sen. Lorenzo Tanada y Martinez
1967 Free Press photo

1992 - Ex-Sen. Lorenzo Tanada, y Martinez, Filipino nationalist crusader and civil rights defender dubbed the "Grand Old Man of Philippine Politics," dies at the ripe old age of 94; the son of the last gobernardorcillo of Gumaca, Quezon during the Spanish colonial rule, he lived a life guided by a philosophy that led him to develop a principled nationalist resolve, as early on seen in his exhortation to fellow University of the Philippines Reserved Officer’s Training Course (ROTC) cadets to take their training seriously in case such would be needed to fight the Americans in case independence is not granted; a pensionado who earned his law degree from Harvard University during the American colonial rule, he became a relentless crusader against imperialist United States' interference in Philippine affairs even after the Bald Eagle's arguable granting of "independence" to the Southeast Asian nation; Tanada's vision and crusade will  eventually see some light several months before his death with the September 16, 1991  rejection of the Philippine-US Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Security [read: American imperialist military right to Philippine territory] that was supposed to take the place of the expiring RP-US Military Bases Agreement]; Tanada, already old and sickly, attended the Senate discussions on the Bases Treaty, mustering all his breath in shouting "Mabuhay" upon the reading of the Senate vote rejecting the said military agreement.





Raw photo credit: http://img862.imageshack.us/img862/7071/wik1d300.jpg

28 MAY

1898 -  The Battle of Alapan in Imus Cavite marks the Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, waged under Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as his camp returned from exile following the Truce of Biak na Bato earlier forged by him and other Filipino revolutionary leaders with the colonial authorities; more than a year earlier, Aguinaldo's camp was  accused by President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, leader of the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government  Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan of secretly negotiating with the enemy Spaniards before the former, a relatively new Katipunero, ordered the abduction and killing of the latter; within seven months from Bonifacio's assassination-cum-execution, Aguinaldo would sign the Biak-na-Bato truce and go into self-exile in Hong Kong;  in about five months, Aguinaldo would return to continue the second phase of the Revolution after imperialist-in-the-making United States convinced  Aguinaldo to resume the fight against Spain as part of what would be a short-lived alliance between the Filipinos and Americans, with Admiral George Dewey deceptively promising the Filipino revolutionary leader that the U.S. will honor Philippine independence; the Battle of Alapan will mark the first time the Philippine flag commissioned by Aguinaldo will be flown.


1906 - The Philippine leper colony in Cebu province, Philippines, is established during the American colonial rule amidst the continuing struggle against the imperialist Bald Eagles by the still un-co-opted Filipino freedom-fighters to protect their land and independence; as the bloody and protracted  Philippine-American War (1899-1914) rages on some seven years and three months after it first began, some 365 lepers land at the colony to form the nucleus of what is named the Culion Leper Colony, which would supposedly become known as the largest and one of the best institutions of its kind in the world. 



Photo credits:

http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/alapan.htm
http://i344.photobucket.com/albums/p341/manilagalleontrade/culion.jpg?t=1251403264

27 MAY

Bald Eagle consul Rounseville Wildman

1898 - The camp of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, leader of the so-called Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain (since May 1897) receives the first consignment of arms in Cavite from American consul Rounseville Wildman as part of the parties' unwritten deal forged in Hong Kong during the former's initial unsuccessful trip to meet imperialist United States Commodore George Dewey; Wildman will never deliver the second arms shipment to Aguinaldo, paid for with P67,000, and within nine months, the US will embark on its imperialistic invasion of the Philippines; the Americans will soon deceptively begin positioning  themselves as "ally" to the  cause of Philippine  independence against the yoke of Spanish  colonization, which will eventually lead Aguinaldo to stupidly permit the Bald Eagle soldiers to freely enter the archipelago, thus inadvertently allowing the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that will falsely show  to the world that it is the United States forces and not the Filipinos that have defeated the colonial Spaniards  in the Southeast Asian islands; on February 4, 1899, the North Americans will formally begin its invasion by deliberately triggering the Philippine-American War (1899-1914) following U.S. regimental commanders' secret orders  to provoke hostilities with Filipino soldiers as part of Bald Eagle President William McKinley's 'pre-arranged plan'   to push their Senate into approving the Treaty of Paris and, thus, allow the annexation [translation: invasion] of the fledgling Southeast Asian Republic.


Photo credit: http://www.gutenberg.org/files/27784/27784-h/images/wildman.jpg

26 MAY

1609 - A law during the early period of the Spanish colonial rule in the Philippines regulates the services of the Indians (natives/filipinos) by prioritizing the hiring of Chinese and Japanese for public works; however, the Augustinian Recollects will attempt to thwart this order by later asking the king that they be released from such restrictions on the use of natives for work only under certain conditions, claiming that such law will ruin their work in the archipelago; Spanish colonization of the Southeast Asian archipelago began in 1565 after establishing  settlements in Cebu following a series of expeditions commissioned by the Spanish crown;  the Philippine islands were first "discovered" [translation: first learned about]  by Spain following  the ill-fated 1521 expedition of Ferdinand Magellan who was killed by Mactan island chieftain Lapu-Lapu and his forces during the Battle of Mactan, and then followed up with several other expeditions, with the 1565 expedition by Miguel Lopez de Legaspi as signalling the beginning of the actual or successful Spanish colonization of the Philippines.  

Photo credit: https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjGtGajySMbWogAXF4Ox8MMo4akWf9K1vxVjKfhcIazcmOQPvKGzPycLvGZYM6IKkq-8tVrK6rNb_1dfZnV4i9kQ94SbAH6zSAHxEiGF8b9aUogGe_AwtUkm7oQH0jEJ2zsPp-45L0x7-P9/s1600/chinese_chow-chow.jpg

25 MAY

Pablo Tecson y Ocampo

1898 - During the Philippine Revolution against Spain, in the Battle of San Miguel in Bulacan, a band of revolutionaries under Pablo Tecson y Ocampo attacks the troops of Spanish commander Telesforo Carrasco on the day of the baptism of the son of Carrasco, who will eventually surrender to the Filipinos in seven days; Tecson's band has been reinforced by Filipino members of Carrasco's detachment who had earlier defected to the revolutionaries' side following the return of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo from exile in Hong Kong as part of the so-called Biak-na-Bato truce with the Spanish colonial government; a Katipunero by the time of the 1896 Himagsikan against Spain, Tecson was among the founders of Balangay Arao, a chapter of the secret society-turned-revolutionary government, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, in San Miguel, Bulacan; he became a Brigadier General under Brigada del Pilar and in June 1898 (during the so-called second phase of the Revolution), he led successive attacks against the garrisons of the enemy Spaniards in different parts of Bulacan, yielding much guns and ammunition; his leadership in battles also involved coordination with other revolutionary leaders, including with Gen. Manuel Tinio whose troops he greatly helped in their march from Nueva Ecija to northernmost Luzon and with Gen. Francisco Makabulos to whom he allocated some of the guns he seized from the enemy; Tecson's bravery and effectiveness was later recognized by Gen. Gregorio del Pilar who promoted him to the rank of colonel; Tecson became a delegate to the Malolos Congress which drafted the Charter of the Philippine Republic under Aguinaldo a few months before the imperialist Americans deliberately triggered the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914); in 1902, Tecson served under the Bald Eagle's colonial government as Bulacan governor and later, as Secretary of Agriculture.

Photo credit: http://www.bulacan.gov.ph/generalinfo/governor.php?id=36

24 MAY

1943 - The Director-General of the Japanese Military Administration of the Philippines during World War II congratulates the graduating class of the Institute  for Former [Filipino] USAFFE, or United States Army Forces in the Far East; the Director-General urges the graduates of a cultural training and spiritual reorientation course to play active roles in reconstructing and regenerating their native country, the Philippines, and further asks them to strive for the benefit and welfare of their countrymen; the Asian power invaded a host of Oriental lands during the War, driven in part by its Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, an anti-Western master plan/vision of Japanese hegemonic leadership over a modernizing and united Asia that is rid of Western imperialism;   Japan earlier invaded the Philippines, which has been a colony of the imperialist Unites States for some four (4) decades, during their so-called December 1941-May 1942 Philippine Campaign, with the  numerically superior defenders able to hold out for months but still succumbing to the Japanese might during the Pacific theatre of the Second World War.


Raw photo credit: http://www.akiraifukube.org/japanese_army.jpg

23 MAY

1979 - Muslim Tausug leader Princess Tarhata Kiram, a strong-willed and liberal-minded early Filipina feminist, dies of heart failure at age 75 at the Veterans Memorial Hospital in Quezon City, Metro Manila; a heir of the original rulers of the island of Sabah (now part of Malaysia because the British failed to return the leased island), Tarhata became known in local politics for her efforts and resourcefulness in finding ways to plug certain laws that are disadvantageous to the Muslims; as the first woman pensionado (educated in the University of Illinois in the imperialist United States mainland) during the American colonial period her early show of feminist--seeking education thousands of miles away from home--is remarkable during a time when, and in a culture wherein, women were expected to be mere homemakers; she is also noted for helping avert greater bloodshed during her people's revolt in Jolo (led by her husband Datu Tahil, veteran of the 1913 Philippne-American War battle of Bud Bagsak) when she set out to talk with imperialist Governor-General Leonard Wood in January 1927 to try to ask for a Moro governor for their province of Sulu.


Photo credit: http://asakiyume.livejournal.com/466854.html

22 MAY

1867 - Julio Nakpil y Garcia, Filipino patriot, future revolutionary, musician, and composer who will become the second husband of Gregoria de Jesus, future widow of  Supremo Andres Bonifacio of the secret society-turned-revolutionary government, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, is born in Quiapo, Manila during the Spanish colonial period; Nakpil, who will be a member of patriot and polymath Jose Rizal's La Liga Filipina and, subsequently, become Katipunan's Minister of National Development (fomento), will compose patriotic musical pieces, including Pasig Pantaynin (1897) and Kabanatuan (1903) in honor of Gen. Antonio Luna who would be assassinated based on  what he will later write as orders of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo; perhaps, Nakpil's work that would command most patriotic reverence is the national anthem Bonifacio would ask him to make, the "Marangal na Dalit ng Katagalugan," which unfortunately would not be used after the Supremo's assassination-by-execution in May 1897, also on fatal orders of Aguinaldo.


Raw photo credit: http://julionakpil.blogspot.com/

21 MAY

Imperialist Gov. Taft addressing the "Philippine Assembly"

1909- While the Philippine-American War (1899-1914) continues, particularly the part of the Moro resistance, the first session of the First Philippine Assembly, the colonial legislative body in the Philippine Islands during the United States' imperialist rule, is concluded; the body that has served as the lower house of the mostly American-in-composition Philippine Commission [translation: Bald Eagle body of colonial control] passes a resolution declaring that the Filipino people's constant desire is to attain independence; genuine democratic Filipino representation to the Philippine Assembly, which for a time was effectively the lower house to the appointive, all-American Philippine Commission, is however dubious because at least during the first elections in 1907, only less than 1.5% of the Filipinos were able to vote their representatives to the Assembly, because of the severe qualification requirements (real estate ownership worth at least P500; able to read and write; and could speak in Spanish or English)

Photo credit: http://reference.findtarget.com/search/Philippine%20Assembly/

20 MAY

1899 - Filipino representatives Gen. Gregorio del Pilar, Lt.-Col. Alberto Barreto, Capt. Lorenzo Zialcita, and Gracio Gonzaga arrive in Manila by special train from Malolos to negotiate peace terms with the United States Philippine Commission [read: imperialist commission], three months after the Bald Eagle President William McKinley deliberately triggered the Philippine-American War (1899-1914); with the two parties conferring at the Ayuntamiento in Intramuros district, Manila, the imperialist Bald Eagle commission headed by Jacob Schurman rejects the armistice sought by the local freedom-fighters, insisting instead that the Filipino army surrender unconditionally to  American sovereignty; in two days' time, the cabinet of President Emilio F. Aguinaldo will exhort the Filipinos to continue the fight to defend Philippine independence.

 

 

Representatives of the Philippine Government under siege: Capt. Zialcita, Lt. Col. Barreto, Gen. Del Pilar  & Gonzaga negotiating with the imperialist invading Americans for some independence

-- on the same day, Admiral George Dewey, the United States military official who earlier forged alliance against Spain, and deceptively promised, then-revolutionary leader Aguinaldo that the U.S. would supposedly honor Filipino independence, leaves the Philippines for the U.S. on board his flagship, the USS Olympia; over a period of several months, Dewey, along with consul generals to Singapore, E. Spencer Pratt, and to Hong Kong, Rounsenville Wildman, respectively took turns making Aguinaldo believe that the Bald Eagle only had good intentions; thus Aguinaldo stupidly allowed the free entry of the G.I.'s in the archipelago, eventually permitting the foreign 'allies' that-would-turn-invaders to position themselves for the Mock Battle of Manila that deceived the world into believing that it is the Americans and not the Filipinos who overcame the Spaniards.

 

Spanish Queen Isabella II

1865 - A royal decree from Spain's Queen Isabella II reorganizes secondary education in its Southeast Asian colony, the Philippine Islands (Las Islas Filipinas), by dividing schools into public and private, with the University of Santo Tomas being considered public and Colegio de San Juan de Letran being classified as College of the First Class; San Juan de Letran is grouped with the Ateneo Municipal, the College of Bacolor and other secondary schools under the category which is of two kinds, including the kind that offers a complete course leading to the bachelor of arts degree; the colonial-era decree gives gives the rector of UST the responsibility of supervising and inspecting secondary schools as it becomes the ex-oficio head of the secondary and higher education in the Philippines.

Photo credits:

http://i2.squidoocdn.com/resize/squidoo_images/590/draft_lens2386777module14943982photo_1234145295IsabellaII.png;  http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/filipinosnegotiate.htm