6 MAY

1897 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, co-founder and Supreme President of the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule, along with his brother Procopio, is declared "guilty"of trumped-up charges by the seditious group of Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, to be punished by being shot to death; Aguinaldo, whose Magdalo camp earlier held the fraudulent and scandalous Tejeros Convention and subsequently took his oath of office as "President" under surreptitious circumstances (and without informing Bonifacio who won as Interior Secretary) in the bid to hide their activity from the rival Magdiwang faction, earlier engineered the power grab against the Supremo, subsequently ordering his capture, dead or alive, and court martial that would be regarded as a 'kangaroo court' trial owing to how the appointed defense lawyer, Placido Martinez, also acted as being a judge and condemned, instead of defended, the Supremo; Bonifacio, who was shot at, and almost killed by stabbing only a week earlier, was seditiously charged with contriving to supposedly overthrow the newly formed revolutionary government of Aguinaldo formed on the basis of the Tejeros Convention but which was nullified by the Supremo and 40 other Katipuneros through the Acta de Tejeros; the day before, Bonifacio testified that he did not know of the existence of any other revolutionary government (other than the Katipunan) because Aguinaldo was not validly elected, as partly based on the statement of Artemio Ricarte and that he was unaware if any oath-taking has taken place; Council of War members who sign the decision, for forwarding to Aguinaldo, are Mariano Noriel, the Council President, Tomas Mascardo, and Esteban Ynfante, attested to by Council Secretary Lazaro Makapagal; Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, future Prime Minister of Aguinaldo's government, will later castigate the decision and subsequent execution of the Supremo, saying that Aguinaldo is "primarily answerable for insubordination against the head of the Katipunan [Bonifacio] of which he was a member." 

Japanese PM Hidezi Tozyo (WW II)

1943 - Japan's Premier General Hideki Tozyo makes a personal visit to Manila during the Japanese Occupation in World War II, being presented with the Resolution of Gratitude of the Filipino people's supposed appreciation for the "tangible and positive progress toward national unity, spiritual rejuvenation, and economic rehabilitation" helped wrought by the Japanese Military Administration in building a New Philippines; the resolution presented in Luneta, Manila, was graced by the speeches of Philippine Executive Commission Chairman Jorge B. Vargas and Commissioner of the Interior Jose P. Laurel (who would later serve as President during the Japanese-sponsored Republic); Japan had invaded the Philippines, which has been a colony of the imperialist Unites States for some four (4) decades, during their so-called December 1941-May 1942 Philippine Campaign, with the  numerically superior defenders able to hold out for months but still succumbing to the Japanese might during what is termed the Pacific theater of the Second World War.



Photo credit:  http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hideki_Tojo.jpg

5 MAY

1897 - A Council of War is formed by the power-grabbing camp of Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, head of a new revolutionary body supposedly superseding the the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  to pass judgment on  Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Katipunan co-founder and Supreme President, during the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule; on April 28, the Supremo, along with his brother Procopio, was seized and brought to Naic, Cavite after Aguinaldo's men treacherously attacked the Supremo's camp despite the warm reception given them by the Katipunan leader the night before; during the seditious attack, Ciriaco, another brother of the Supremo, was instantly killed as the Supremo was shot in the arm and then followed up by Col. Ignacio Paua who wanted to kill the Supremo by stabbing him in the throat; the Supremo, along with his brother Procopio, was then forcibly brought to Naic as his wife, the "Lakambini" Gregoria de Jesus was raped by Col. Agapito Bonzon, alias "Yntong"; Aguinaldo, whose Magdalo camp earlier held the fraudulent and scandalous Tejeros Convention, subsequently took his oath of office as "President" under surreptitious circumstances (and without informing Bonifacio who won as Interior Secretary) in the bid to hide their activity from the rival Magdiwang faction, earlier engineered the power grab against the Supremo, subsequently ordering his capture and court martial regarded as a 'kangaroo court' trial, with appointed defense lawyer, Placido Martinez, also being a judge and condemning, instead of defending, the Supremo; Bonifacio,  has been ridiculously charged with contriving to supposedly assassinate Aguinaldo and overthrow his newly formed revolutionary body formed on the basis of the Tejeros Convention but which has subsequently been nullified by the Supremo and 40 other Katipuneros through the Acta de Tejeros; the day before, Bonifacio testified that he did not know of the existence of any other revolutionary government (other than the Katipunan), possibly because he believed Aguinaldo was not validly elected, as partly based on the statement of Gen. Artemio Ricarte and that he was unaware if any oath-taking has taken place; Gen. Mariano Noriel is the head and Lazaro Makapagal, the secretary, of  the Council of War that will pass judgement on the swift ten-day kangaroo trial marked by a lopsided number of prosecution witnesses--Benito Torres, Nicolas Guzman, Rafael Non, Narciso Tiolo, Julian Aguila, Bibiano Rojas, Gervacio Santiago, and Pedro Giron--with virtually only the Supremo; wife and brother testifying for the defense: Gen. Santiago Alvarez will write that the Supremo was not to be allowed to make a defense speech despite requesting the panel twice for that right, with the official records to claim that the denial is made on grounds that Bonifacio has only been repeating his account made during the court examination.


Raw photo credits: 
http://etc.usf.edu/clipart/400/424/Aguinaldo_1_lg.gif
http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/collapse1901.htm

4 MAY

1897 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, President of the underground society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan battling to liberate the Philippine from colonial Spain, gives his testimony before the kangaroo court martial formed by Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy in the latter's bid to seal his seditious scheme of to wrest the revolutionary leadership from the Supremo; testifying before the turn of his wife, Gregoria de Jesus who had been raped by Aguinaldo's man, Col. Agapito Bonzon, alias "Yntong" the one who led the violent seizure of the Bonifacios on April 28, the Supremo is said to have stated that he is unaware of the existence of another revolutionary government in the province and neither aware whether or not he holds any legal powers in said body; the Bonifacios were treacherously seized by Aguinaldo's men in Limbon, Cavite after Yntong visited them on the night of April 27, pretending there was no such vile operation and then leading the shooting/assault of the Bonifacio brothers, with the Chinese Col. Ignacio Paua  subsequently stabbing him in the neck before the Bonifacio's men prevented the murder of the Supremo on the spot; Aguinaldo, who was "elected" President of a body superseding the Katipunan during the fraudulent and scandalous Tejeros Convention but which was nullified by the Acta de Tejeros signed by Bonifacio and some 40 other Katipuneros,  subsequently formed the Council of War to try the Supremo allegedly for treason and conspiracy to assassinate him.

3 MAY

Photo art: JB

 
1897 - The treacherous operation leading to the shooting, stabbing, and seizure of Filipino revolutionary leader, Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, by the power-grabbing camp of Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, is relayed in a letter to the former's brotherly friend and chief of Katipunan operations in Manila, Emilio Jacinto y Dizon during the Philippine Revolution against Spain; the first-hand account that comes from Col. Antonino M. Guevara sheds some light on the treachery surrounding the power grab by Aguinaldo and his Magdalo partisans and the seizure and subsequent kangaroo court martial of Bonifacio, President of the underground society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan that has been struggling for liberation against Spain; on April 28 at barrio Limbon, near Indang, Cavite, Supremo Bonifacio and his brothers and men were treacherously attacked by a force led by Col. Agapito Bonzon, alias "Yntong" who was even warmly treated by the former the night before, resulting in the death of Ciriaco Bonifacio and at least one other Katipunero, and the gunshot wound to the arm and stabbing to the throat of the Supremo, and the rape of Bonifacio's wife, Gregoria de Jesus; the surviving Bonifacio brothers, who were forcibly brought to Naic and imprisoned in a desolate, cramp room and fed only twice in three days, would later be described by Gen. Santiago Alvarez as being in a very pitiful physical state  prior to their kangaroo court martial proceedings; earlier in March, the Magdalo camp moved to hurriedly conduct what would turn out to be the fraudulent and anomalous Tejeros Convention, with Aguinaldo and other 'elected' figures except Bonifacio surreptitiously taking their oath of office hidden from the rival Magdiwang faction; Bonifacio and 40 other Katipuneros will nullify the elections, said to have been marred by pre-filled ballots and which Gen. Artemio Ricarte has dubbed fraudulent, through the Acta de Tejeros even as Jacinto had reiterated that Bonifacio is still the leader of the Philippine revolution in a letter dated April 11, 1897.


Raw photo credit: Dr. Zeus Salazar's "Andres Bonifacio bilang Punong Militar"

2 MAY

1942 - Jose Abad Santos y Basco, Chief Justice of the Philippine Supreme Court during the American imperialist rule, is executed at Malabang, Lanao by the Japanese during World War II for refusing to collaborate; a "pensionado," an American-educated lawyer who has held various government positions, including as justice secretary in the cabinet of the American Governor-General Henry Lewis Stimson,  Abad Santos became virtual head of the American-sponsored Philippine government under siege from the Japanese when President Manuel Quezon left for Washington, United States, thus (temporarily) transferring the seat of colonial government to the American capital, earlier the same year during the Japanese occupation of the Southeast Asian archipelago; a year later, the Japanese will sponsor the first and only Filipino government during their occupation of the Southeast Asian archipelago under what will be known as the Second Philippine Republic government, with Jose P. Laurel as President and to be inaugurated on October 14, 1943; Abad Santos, a pensionado sent by the imperialist American officials to study in California, United States, refused to cooperate with the Japanese and instead preferred to be executed because he could not bear to "live in shame" as a traitor to the Bald Eagle nation and the Philippines.


Photo credit: http://www.gov.ph/2011/02/19/jose-abad-santos/

1 MAY

1896 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and other co-founders and leaders of the underground society aiming to liberate the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule, Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  secretly meet at Ugong in Morong Province to plot moves on a planned uprising against the colonzers;  the motion of Dr. Pio Valenzuela to solicit contributions for the purchase of arms and munitions from Japan in the intent of carrying out the at revolution the earliest time possible is approved by the Katipunan body on the condition that it first be presented for approval to acclaimed reformist leader and polymath Jose Rizal who is exiled in Dapitan; the decision to consult or enlist the support of Rizal if and when the revolution breaks out is followed by the appointment of Valenzuela, regarded as the most highly educated among the Katipuneros,  as emissary for the mission; Valenzuela, traveling under the assumed name Procopio Bonifacio, along with prospective Rizal patient, the blind Raymundo Mata, and a Rufino Magos, will board the ship Venus one and a half months later and confer with Rizal who will advise as to the need to first win over the wealthy Filipinos to the cause of the Himagsikan.


BonPhoto credit: Museo Oriental de Valladolid Site

30 APRIL

1896 - Emilio Jacinto y Dizon, the so-called "Brains of the  Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan," the underground society-turned-revolutionary-government fighting for liberation against Spain, pays homage to the legacy and heroism of Fathers Mariano Gomez, Jose Apolonio G. Burgos,, and Jacinto R. Zamora (GOMBURZA), the three patriotic Filipino priests that the Spanish colonial authorities ordered executed while wearing their priestly robes; writing under the pseudonym "DIMAS ILAW" four months before the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, Jacinto expresses belief that while compatriots would honor the priests' memory and continue the pursuit of justice and equality, he admits that some are not yet prepared to fight for the said noble ideals; the priest-martyrs, who incurred the ire of the colonial Spanish officials for advocating the secularization of the clergy, were executed on February 15, 1872 through garrotte at Bagumbayan, Manila after being tried with practically no counsel by the colonial Spanish military tribunal at the Fort Santiago on trumped-up charges of instigating the Cavite Mutiny; Jacinto's ode to the fallen compatriot priest entitled "¡¡¡ Gomez, Burgos, Zamora !!!" goes in part:

Buhat sa araw na yaun, ang kanilang mga pusung bukal ng sagana’t wagas na pagibig sa kanilang mga kalulu’t kapatid, ay hindi na tumitibok; ang kanilang kaloobang karurukang mataas ng mga banal na nasa ay hindi na nagpipita; ang kanilang mga bibig ay hindi na nangungusap, hindi na tumututol sa pagsasangalang ng Katuiran at ng kagalingang lahat... Ang kapusungan at ang lilong galit ng mga palamara ay nagdami’t hukom, at sila’y kinitlan ng hininga nang walang makawangis na katampalasanan.

Raw photo credit: http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/images/3/32/Gomez-burgos-zamora.jpg

29 APRIL

1897 - Procopio Bonifacio y de Castro, brother of  Supremo Andres Bonifacio,  President of the underground society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan fighting for liberation against Spain, testifies that the forces of Emilio Aguinaldo's camp struck his nose with the butt-end of a gun, an act he says surprised him since he did not offer resistance during their and other Katipuneros' abduction in Limbon in Cavite against the men of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy; Bonifacio, had earlier issued the Acta de Tejeros and the Naic Military Agreement that nullified the election and newfound authority of Aguinaldo's camp on grounds of fraud in the March Tejeros Convention polls and the treasonous act of negotiating for truce with the enemy Spaniards, respectively; Procopio's testimony is part of the kangaroo court martial proceedings conducted by the camp of Aguinaldo led by Brig. Gen. Mariano Noriel against the Supremo; the Bonifacio brothers were shot at, with Ciriaco Bonifacio dying on the spot, and President Bonifacio being hit in the arm and stabbed in the throat, seized and, with Procopio being tightly bound, forcibly taken to Naic from Limbon, Cavite a day earlier; Gen. Santiago Alvarez will write about the very pitiful physical state of the Supremo and his younger brother just before the court martial proceedings. 


Raw photo credit: http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/gallery.kkk.htm

28 APRIL

1897 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, leader of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan fighting to liberate the Philippines from the Spanish colonizers, is shot, stabbed to the neck and seized, along with his surviving brother brother and some 20 others during the Philippine Revolution; the attack is staged by Col.  Agapito Bonzon, alias "Yntong" and other men of Capitan Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy whose camp has earlier moved to seize the revolutionary leadership from the Supremo through the anomalous and fraudulent Tejeros Convention; Bonifacio's wife, Gregorio de Jesus, would later be raped by Yntong  and the wounded Supremo himself and his surviving brother, Procopio (Ciriaco dies from gunshot wound in the head) would be forcibly brought to Naic, from barrio Limbon, near Indang, Cavite, imprisoned in a dark, cramp cell without visit, be subjected to kangaroo court martial, with his assigned "lawyer" Placido Martinez judging and condemning for trump-up charges of supposedly trying to assassinate Aguinaldo; on May 10, 1897, Bonifacio would be assassinated-by-execution on Aguinaldo's orders in the latter's provincial turf in what future Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini y Maranan would describe as "the first victory of personal ambition over true patriotism."



Raw photo credit :

(Procopio Bonifacio): http://kasaysayan-kkk.info/gallery.kkk.htm

27 APRIL

Graciano Lopez Jaena
Photo art: JB

1883 - Graciano Lopez Jaena, member of the so-called triumvirate of Filipino propagandists aiming for reforms during the Spanish colonial rule, declares his desire for all territories under Spain to be given equal treatment, attention and consideration under the law; Jaena expresses this call during his well-applauded speech delivered in Madrid, Spain and attended by the press and personages from the other Spanish colonies Mexico, Cuba and Puerto Rico; Jaena, along with Jose M. Rizal and Marcelo H. del Pilar, Jaena were the leaders of the Propaganda Movement aiming to awaken Spain as to the needs of the people of its Southeast Asian colony and to effect a closer and more equal association between the two lands; Lopez-Jaena's historic speech goes in part:

Next I must tell you that my earnest desire is for our dear Spain to give all her overseas possessions equal treatment, attention, and consideration, instead of leaving some in pitiful neglect, the very ones which might be of greater usefulness to her and which had always been obedient to her. All of them contribute to her welfare and grandeur, which are our own good and aggrandizement; all of them should be esteemed and heeded; all should be respected and taken into account; all of them should be loved by their common Mother. (Enthusiastic applause.)

26 APRIL

1525 -  Spanish King Charles I issues the "Royal decree of the Fray Garcia de Loaysa, appointed governor of the Moluccas, to allow Captain Sebastian Caboto and the people of his armada to trade in the Island"; following Spain's "discovery" [read: first learned about] of the nearby and future colony the Philippine archipelago (Islas de San Lazaro) with the arrival of the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan in 1521,  the Spanish colonizers have begun to try to gain control of Moluccas, the so-called “Spice Islands” (future Indonesia] in the bid to thwart its naval nemesis, Portugal, which had forged alliance with the sultan of Ternate; the two colonial powers earlier sought to prevent disagreements with regards their colonial expansionist undertaking through the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas, with Pope Alexander VI drawing an imaginary north-sough demarcation line, 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, in which all lands west of the line should belong to Spain and anything east, to Portugal; about four years later, in 1529, the king of Spain will forge a peace deal with Portugal, nominally abandoning interest over Moluccas for a sum of money although Spanish interest over the islands will persist for some century and a half, sending expeditions from Manila until the colonial Spanish governor of the Philippines, Manrique de Lara, decides to dismantle all garrisons in the Spice Islands by 1663.


 Photo credit: http://www.tooleys.co.uk/tas3.htm

25 APRIL

1899 -  Gen. Antonio Luna y Novicio, the Chief of Operations of the Philippine forces informs Pres. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy about the fierce gun battles between Filipino troops and imperialist enemy soldiers in the province of Bulacan nearly two months into the bloody and protracted  Philippine-American War (1899-1914);  Gen. Luna reports on:  the death of 200 Filipinos and 700 Americans, spirited resistance of Bagbag's defenders until the lack of ammunition forced their retreat; and the successful repulsion of imperialist forces in Calumpit followed by their strategic destruction of military bridges and abandonment of said town; the lost Battle of Bagbag River (April 25) is controversial because Gen. Luna left the battle front to punish Gen. Tomas Mascardo, then in Pampanga, for refusing to heed his orders--ultimately resulting to the decisive defeat of the Filipinos who were left under Gen. Gregorio del Pilar under the hands of the imperialist forces of America's Gen. Arthur MacArthur although both sides suffered heavy losses; the U.S. decided to invade the Southeast Asian nation, a former Spanish colony that revolted and declared independence, over its rich natural resources, including "mountains of coal" and its strategic importance to American commercial domination; the Filipino-American War was deliberately and secretly precipitated by the imperialist American military under the vile pre-arranged plan of US President William McKinley in the bid to push the American Senate into approving the ridiculous Treaty of Paris wherein Spain supposedly 'cedes' its former colony to the US  following the Peace Protocol forged a day before the infamous Mock Battle of Manila on August 13, 1898 as part of the new and the old powers' imperialistic, shoddy and detestably anti-democratic deal.

Photo credit:

 

http://www.philippinephilatelist.net/Views/War/var11.jpg

24 APRIL

1897 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Supremo of the Philippine underground-society-turned-revolutionary government Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, writes to his confidante and Commander of Manila's revolutionary forces Emilio Jacinto y Dizon about the detestable acts of treason/collaboration with the enemy Spaniards that was engaged in by certain members of the the Magdalo faction of the revolutionary movement: "Daniel Tirona, Mtro. De Guerra, Jose del Rosario, Interior Minister, Jose Caelles, teniente Gral., almost all of Tanza residents along with the priest there; all of whom were partisans of Capt. Emilio [Aguinaldo];" Bonifacio relays to Jacinto the fraud and anomaly that characterized the Tejeros Convention elections held about a month earlier, including how the convention was rushed despite the lack of representation from other districts and Don Artemio Ricarte's declaration about the fraud  of the elections; the Generalissimo also expresses fears that his company seems to be in danger not only from the Spanish enemy but, also, from some local [Caviteno] revolutionary leaders (true to his fears, Supremo Bonifacio will be seized, subjected to  kangaroo court martial, and assassinated by Capitan Emilio Aguinaldo's forces).

23 APRIL

1901- The poem "Un Heroe del Pueblo - Andres Bonifacio" which pays a lofty homage to Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, the great hero, co-founder, and soul of the Philippine revolutionary movement Kataastaasang Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) , is penned and read by Filipino poet, essayist, writer, editor and lawyer Cecilio Apostol; the poem read during the first commemoration of Supremo Andres Bonifacio's tragic assassination-by-execution, is published in the nationalistic newspaper El Renacimiento", along with Apostol's French translation of "Decalogue"; dubbed the "Father of the Philippine Revolution," Bonifacio was the Supremo of the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government Katipunan during the Himagsikan launched in August 1896 against the Spanish colonial rule but was deposed from revolutionary power during the fraudulent and scandalous Tejeros Convention by the Magdalo faction of Capitan Emilio Aguinaldo; the Supremo nullified the anomalous elections through the Acta de Tejeros and, together with other Katipuneros , signed the Naik Military Agreement declaring that several Filipino revolutionary leaders (referring to but not naming the camp of Aguinaldo) committed treason by negotiating for a truce with the enemy Spaniards and should therefore not be recognized; a week after the Naic Military Agreement, the Supremo would be seized by the men of Aguinaldo, subjected to kangaroo court martial, and finally executed with his brother Procopio on the tragic Monday, May 10, 1897.

22 APRIL

1529 - Spanish and Portuguese monarchs Cárlos I and João III sign the Treaty of Zaragoza that relinquishes Moluccas to Portugal as Spain retains the Philippine islands; the treaty basically continues the meridian of Tordesillas in the opposite hemisphere to settle their claims over Moluccas (future Indonesia), as the Philippines, where Spanish colonization already began, is made to stand on the Spanish side; in fact, both Moluccas and the Philippines belong to the Portuguese sphere based on the Treaty of Tordesillas, an agreement forged after Pope Alexander VI drew an imaginary demarcation line from north to south, 100 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, where anything west of the line was Spain's and anything east, Portugal's; the Treaty of Zaragosa, which stipulates Spain's cession of its rights over Moluccas in exchange for the payment of 350,000 gold ducats, is forged in the context of their uncertainty as to the size of Earth and the  Spanish breech of the Treaty of Tordesillas with regards the Philippine Islands (originally named by Magellan as St. Lazarus).
 

Raw photo credit: 

 
http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch2en/conc2en/img/Map_Spanish%20Portuguese%20Empires%2016-17c.pdf