4 SEPTEMBER

1943 - In the thick of World War II, the Philippine Constitution under Japanese Occupation is adopted by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence lad by President Jose P. Laurel; the 1943 Constitution of the Second Philippine Republic creating a Republican state with a a powerful executive branch, with the President to be elected from among members of the unicameral National assembly and with subordinate legislative and judicial branches, was drafted, approved and submitted for ratification during the Kalibapi [Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas] convention in Manila.

Barasoain Church, circa 1898

1898 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy issues an executive proclamation summoning the Filipinos to send delagates to what will be the First Philippine Congress to be assembled in Malolos, Bulakan on September 15; the proclamation--made more than three months following the Declaration of Philippine Independence against Spain--comes amidst the realization of the officers and soldiers of the fledgling Philippine Republic that the Americans whom Aguinaldo stupidly trusted and cooperated with in battling colonial Spain have stolen the country's independence and have begun imperialist efforts at occupying the islands; some three weeks earlier, the emerging imperialist Bald Eagle nation and the dying colonial power that was Spain waged the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely made it appear that the Americans--instead of the Filipinos--defeated the Spaniards in Manila, and come February of the following year, the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) will break out upon deliberate, secret instigation ordered by the imperialist President William McKinley.

3 SEPTEMBER

1899 - The Spanish version of the Philippine National Anthem is published for the first time in the La Independencia, the periodical and official organ of the First Philippine Republic founded by Gen. Antonio Luna, and with staff members that include Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Cecilio Apostol, Epifanio de los Santos, Rafael Palma, and Rosa Sevilla; the publication comes some eight months into the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) deliberately and secretly instigated on orders of vile imperialist Bald Eagle President William McKinley in his bid to make the United States Congress approve and, thereby, provide congressional funding for,  the annexation [READ: invasion] of the fledgling Southeast Asian Republic.

Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita

-- One year and seven months into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), the new colonial police force established  by the American invaders which includes some Filipino revolutionaries who have elected to abandon the patriotic fight for the independence of their motherland start patrolling the city of Manila in cooperation with the provost guard.

1945 - Some two weeks after the United States dropped  atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the  commander of the Imperial Japanese Army forces in the Philippines,  Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, also dubbed as "Tiger of  Malaya," makes his formal surrender to the American forces in Baguio, northern Philippines; within five months, Yamashita will be hanged at Los Banos, Laguna following an American military tribunal's findings that he has committed war crimes during World War II under the principle of command responsibility.

2 SEPTEMBER

Simeon Ola y Arboleda

1865 - Simeon Ola y Arboleda, a devoted Filipino revolutionary who fought during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), is born in Guinobatan, Albay; his town's teniente de cuadrillos and close confidant of the parish priest, he will engage in recruitment and firearms acquisition and military in the Battle of Camalig under Gen. Vito Belarmino, soon being promoted as Major; he will be part of those valiant Filipinos who will relentlessly fight for his country during the war against the Bald Eagle nation so much so that the imperialist American soldiers will for a time put up the horrible reconcentration system, among other barbaric, cruel tools of war, with Ola eventually deciding to take up the amnesty offer to be  presented by the persistent peace [translation: colonial subjugation] panel members on September 25, 1903.

1927 - Justo Lucban y Rilles, another Filipino revolutionary who served both during the Philippine Revolution and the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), dies from heart ailment; the brother of Gen. Vicente Lucban y Rilles, Justo did not take up arms but joined the Filipinos' independentist cause by serving as medical officer during the revolution against Spain, as signatory in the Malolos Congress, and as an editor of La Independencia (the official organ of the First Philippine Republic).

1896 - Inigo Corcuera Regalado, Filipino poet and printer who belonged to the revolutionary period of Tagalog literature then-emerging from the supremacy of Spanish colonial church writings, dies at the age of 41; born in Sampalok, Manila, Regalado wrote the much-loved lyric, "Ang Ganda Mo Neneng," along with a host of other pieces that were featured in the calendars or almanacs of Isabelo de los Reyes and Pascual H. Poblete, and as well, printed La Ilustracion Filipina, believed to be the best local periodical of the period.

1 SEPTEMBER

Katipunan co-founder-turned-coward?

1896 - Pio Valenzuela y Alejandrino, a co-founder of the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-national-government Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  surrenders to the Spanish colonial authorities to avail of an amnesty even as Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and other Katipuneros risk their lives fighting the colonizers, armed mostly only with spears and bolos; Valenzuela was a graduating medical student before joining the KKK and becoming close friend with Bonifacio and taking part in important decisions during underground stage of the Katipunan; during the American occupation, Valenzuela will be imprisoned once more for being a radical propagandist before being co-opted by the Bald Eagle imperialists, being made municipal council president of Polo and later becoming a governor of Bulacan for two terms; before his death at a ripe old age in 1956, he wrote his memoirs of the Katipunan that would prove significant in providing insights into the thoughts of the first revolutionary President/Supremo Bonifacio and filling in important details of the Himagsikan, including Jose Rizal's rejection/hesitancy, as well as advice, with regards the Philippine Revolution.


1901 - Two and one-half years into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), oustpoken pro-Americans Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Benito Legarda Sr., a.k.a. Filipino traitors, are appointed as members of the American colonial body euphemistically called the "Philippine Commission" [translation: United States colonial commission to help colonize the Philippines].

- Martin Ocampo publishes the anti-American daily, El Renacimiento, which would turn out to be the most influential newspaper in Manila in the early 20th century; with its first issue coming out two days later, El Renacimiento has as its editor, Rafael Palma, a journalist and lawyer who was part of the La Independencia, the successful newspaper Gen. Antono Luna established in September 1898 during the Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain going into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914). 


1803 - Spanish King Charles IV orders the use of the smallpox vaccine in its Southeast Asian colony, the Philippines; in three years time, the office of Small pox Vaccine would be created through another decree.

31 August

Moments before the execution of the brave, patriotic Katipuneros

 1896 - Fifty-seven Katipuneros are executed at Bagumbayan (future Luneta) by the cruel Spanish colonial authorities, marking the start of a reign of terror one day after the bloody, virtually hand-to-hand two-part battle at San Juan del Monte (future "Battle of Pinaglaban") that marks the first major conflict of the Philippine Revolution; the executions occurs two days after Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro led the march to San Juan del Monte for the launch of the general uprising of the Himagsikan, leading to their initial seizure of the El Polvorin (Almacen de Polvora) powder magazine but concluding in the death of around 150 and capture of some 200 Katipuneros, including the first 57 executed in Bagumbayan; with the wildfire of the revolution spreading in the country, the Spanish colonial Governor-General Ramon Blanco  declared Martial law  in eight provinces of Luzon island on the day of the outbreak of the Himagsikan and a week after the Cry of Balintawak declaring the start of the nationwide armed revolution against the colonial enemy; three days earlier, revolutionary President/Supremo Bonifacio  issued a manifesto setting  August 29 as the beginning of the general uprising, less than a week after the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  the underground organization aspiring for total separation from colonial Spain, was hastily transformed into a revolutionary national government.

1897 -- Gregorio del Pilar, a lieutenant-colonel in the Philippine revolutionary army fighting colonial Spain during the second stage of the Himagsikan, stages a famous assault on the barracks of the Spanish cazadores in the town convent of Paombong, Bulacan; del Pilar's extraordinary combination of wit, courage and muscles in combat will catch the attention of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the Philippine Revolution who succeeded Supremo Andres Bonifacio that he had earlier ordered executed, and will soon make del Pilar part of Aguinado's circle of revolutionary leaders.

-- The Battle of Aliaga in Nueva Ecija is fought between the Spaniards and Filipino revolutionaries during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, with colonial Governor-General Primo de Rivera utilizing 8,000 men against the forces under the command of Generals Mamerto Natividad and  Manuel Tinio; Spanish General Nuñez would be among those seriously wounded in this huge battle of the Philippine Revolution.

30 AUGUST

1896 - The bloody virtually hand-to-hand battle at San Juan del Monte (future "Battle of Pinaglabanan) is fought between the Katipuneros, Filipino revolutionaries, and Spanish colonial forces, a day after Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro led the start of the general uprising during the Philippine Revolution; in the two-part battle, Bonifacio led the Katipuneros in marching evening of August 29 from Santa Mesa to El Polvorin, a Spanish powder magazine located in San Juan del Monte, and by 4:00 of the early morning of August 30, subsequently launching a surprise attack and successfully seizing the magazine, killing the Spanish commander and a number of the artillery men and sending the remaining 100 or so enemy forces to retreat towards the nearby Manila water works deposit office building, the El Deposito; however, the enemy forces were able to call for reinforcement and by noon of the same day the 73rd "Jolo" Regiment made up of Filipino soldiers under the Spanish command of Gen. Bernardo Echaluce y Jauregui began arriving at San Juan del Monte but amidst such formidable, lopsidedly better armed forces, the valiant Katipunero soldiers pushed on the ardous struggle to liberate the nation; the Katipunan or Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan was an underground organization formed in the noble aspiration to completely sever oppressive colonial Spanish hold on the Southeast Asian archipelago and was hastily transformed into a revolutionary national government following its premature discovery a few weeks earlier; while the mostly bolo-and-sharpened-stakes-armed Filipino revolutionaries would be no match to the enemy forces equipped with Mauser rifles or pistols, the victory will prove a pyrrhic one for the Spaniards because the blood let from the approximately 150 Katipuneros who will die in battle and the many who will be captured and subsequently executed would but nourish the will of the Filipinos to carry on the fight for independence; that same day, Spanish colonial Governor-General Ramon Blanco officially declares the state of war and martial law on eight provinces, Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas as the flame of the revolution soon engulfs these provinces.

Photo credit:

http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/06/03/the-katipuneros%E2%80%99-baptism-of-fire/

29 AUGUST

 1896 - The Katipuneros, Filipino revolutionaries led by its Supremo, Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, starts the general uprising against Spain midnight of this day, a Saturday, with its first offensive attacking an isolated colonial garrison in Luzon island during the opening phase of the Philippine Revolution; despite the arrests, cruel torture, and/or incarceration of suspected revolutionaries, including Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) who is arrested and jailed at Bilibid Prison for giving aid to the Katipuneros, the flame of revolution would swiftly engulf nearby towns, with Spanish Governor-General Blanco declaring the state of war and martial law  in eight provinces; the offensive came a day after Bonifacio issued a manifesto setting the date as the beginning of the general uprising, five days after the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  the underground organization batting for complete separation from colonial Spain, was hastily transformed into a revolutionary national government following its discovery through a traitor, Teodor Patino, who told of its existence to his sister nun; three days earlier, Bonifacio hoisted the glorious Katipunan flag in Balintawak and four days earlier, led the Katipuneros in successfully repelling the outnumbered Spaniards in the first encounter of the Himagsikan in Caloocan near the barn of Tandang Sora where they were temporarily headquartered.

28 AUGUST

 
1898 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Supremo of the revolutionary government, Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), issues a manifesto setting August 29 as the start of the general uprising against colonial Spain; the manifesto came nine days after the Spaniards ascertained its existence, four days after the National Assembly transformed the KKK, the underground organization batting for complete separation from colonial Spain,  into a revolutionary national government, two days after hoisting the Katipunan revolutionary government flag, and three days after Bonifacio led the Katipuneros in successfully repelling the outnumbered Spaniards,  during the first encounter of the Himagsikan. 

1898 - Two months after the Philippines declared Independence from Spain, imperialist United States assigns Gen. Wesley Merritt as "military governor" of the Southeast Asian archipelago; the US had earlier vilely engaged the services of the Filipinos in fighting Spain, with its military and diplomatic officials conning its leader, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, into stupidly cooperating and allowing the free entry of G.I.s by making separate verbal assurances that the US will honor Philippine independence, thus enabling the Americans to stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila.


Photo credit: http://komiklopedia.wordpress.com/2008/03/20/philippine-literary-series/andresbonifacio1/

27 AUGUST

Imperialist US soldiers in pursuit of Aguinaldo

1900 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the First Philippine Republic-on-the-run following the invasion by the imperialist United States, decides to march to Palanan, Isabela and out of Tierra Virgen upon learning that the pursuing enemy American forces have landed at Aparri, leaving behind Capt. Julian H. del Pilar and Capt. Villareal to harass the enemy; following the outbreak of the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) February 4, 1899, the significantly more heavily armed and better trained US forces that at times employ ruthless military tactics such as "water cure" and hamletting have forced the Philippine Army was forced to adopt guerrilla tactics to score against the imperialist soldiers, with Aguinaldo eventually being forced to retreat farther to the northern provinces; the Bald Eagle nation, through Admiral George Dewey and other military and diplomatic officials, some 2 1/2 years back during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution,  conned Aguinaldo into cooperating to fight Spain while deceptively promising to honor Philippine independence, leading the Filipino leader to stupidly allow American soldiers to freely enter the archipelago, thereby positioning themselves for the invasion of the Southeast Asian nation.

Photo credit: http://casiguran.blogspot.com/2006_07_01_archive.html

26 AUGUST

1898 - Filipino revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio y de Castro unfurls the flag of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) in Balintawak, a day after he led the Katipuneros in repelling the colonial Spanish forces during the first encounter of the Philippine Revolution; what should be the glorious unfolding of the revolutionary Katipunan government flag takes place two days after the National Assembly transformed the KKK into a national government with democratically elected officials, and with the revolutionary army--formed from  "lodges [transformed] into battalions, his grandmasters into captains" leading the nation in the fight for independence against colonial Spain; the Katipunan a week earlier was an underground movement aiming to unite the country and gain independence from Spain by means of a revolution until its existence was discovered/confirmed by the colonial authorities through a friar who broke his vow of (confessional) silence.

25 AUGUST

Pangulong Andres Bonifacio at si Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino)

1896 - The first encounter of the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain occurs at the barn of Melchora Aquino in Caloocan when Spanish civil guards and infantrymen opened fire at the temporary headquarters of the Katipuneros six days after the official discovery of the underground revolutionary movement, the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK); occurring a day after the National Assembly (Kataastaasang Kapulungan), which transformed the KKK into a revolutionary national government and the Katipunan "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains" in pursuit of the noble patriotic aim of fighting for independence against colonial Spain, declared a nationwide armed revolution of independence, Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro successfully leads the counterattack of fellow Katipuneros, forcing the outnumbered Spaniards to retreat. ; a similar incident transpires in Pasong Tamo, with forces of the colonial Spaniards and that of the Katipunan revolutionary government (Haring Bayang Katagalugan/Republika ng Katagalugan).

1901 - Filipino nationalists and officers of the Philippine Republic, Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, along with his brother, and Gen. Artemio Ricarte y Garcia, and Aquilino Randeza remain unyielding in their loyalty to the Filipino flag and their compatriots, refusing to swear allegiance to the imperialist United States flag and/or Constitution even as their exiled companions in Guam yield to the pressures of invading American authorities and take their oaths before the symbol(s) of the Bald Eagle nation; Mabini and Ricarte are high-ranking officers of the Philippine Republic who were caught, imprisoned and exiled by the enemy American forces following the outbreak of the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) in February 1899.


Photo credit: http://www.qcpubliclibrary.org/qcmanuscript.php

24 August

1896 - Some five days following the official discovery of the Katipunan, the revolutionary Philippine underground movement, Katipuneros arrive at the barn of Melchora Aquino for their hurried National Assembly, with Supremo Andres Bonifacio and members of the Supreme Council (Kataastaaang Kapulungan), heads of the supramunicipal (sangunian) and chapter (balangay) units of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) in attendance; American colonial military historian John R. M. Taylor will later come to the conclusion that the Katipunan was the first national government of the Philippines, writing that Bonifacio turned the Katipunan "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan" into a revolutionary body fighting for independence against colonial Spain; three days earlier, Bonifacio, along with his brotherly confidante and KKK Secretary Emilio Jacinto y Dizon, changed the Katipunan code from numeric to alphanumeric, and in five days' time, will lead the Katipuneros in launching the Himagsikan's general uprising against the enemy Spaniards.

23 AUGUST

The First Cry (of Pugadlawin)

1896 - Filipino revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and other Katipuneros  tear their cedulas in declaration of the start of the war against colonial Spain and in what has become known as the The First Cry (of Pugadlawin) during the opening phase of the Himagsikan; meeting at the farm of the son of Melchora Aquino at Pugad Lawin, Supremo Bonifacio has challenged the members of the revolutionary secret society, Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), to "Bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up arms," a few days after the Spanish authorities discovered the KKK through a Spanish friar who broke his vow of (confessional) silence and subsequently deciphered its secret codes; therein, the Katipuneros declared the start of the nationwide armed revolution and through the National Assembly a day after, will then transform the KKK into a national government, electing officials to lead the new revolutionary nation and army that will attempt to break the three-hundred-year-old oppressive yoke of Spanish colonial hold on the Southeast Asian archipelago.


Photo credit: http://www.qcpubliclibrary.org/qcmanuscript.php

22 AUGUST

  

1896 - Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and fellow Katipuneros, Filipino revolutionaries against colonial Spain, exchange views on the Revolution during a general assembly in Kangkong, three days after the secret movement Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) is discovered and arrests of suspected revolutionaries have been made; in two days' time, Bonifacio and the Katipuneros he leads will transform the KKK into a revolutionary government to fight colonial Spain-- the "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan"; in three days' time, the Katipuneros will win the first skirmish of the Himagsikan and in a week's time, the general uprising against the enemy will be launched and bloodily fought. 
 

1898 - The seat of the fledgling Philippine Republic is transferred by President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy who issues a decree ordering his men to prepare in moving the capital and headquarters from Bacoor, Cavite, to Malolos Bulacan; the order came nine days after the Mock Battle of Manila made it clear to Aguinaldo the intent of the imperialist United States to invade the Philippines and that its officials, including Admiral George Dewey and Gen. Thomas Anderson had conned him into stupidly cooperating in the war against Spain, even to the point of ridiculously allowing the free entry of US soldiers to the Southeast Asian archipelago; by February of the following year, the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) will commence following its deliberate instigation by the Bald Eagle forces in line with the vile pre-arranged plan ordered by US President William McKinley in his bid to push the American Congress into annexing [translation: invading] the Philippines.


Raw photo credit: http://www.cebu-philippines.net/philippine-heroes.html

21 AUGUST

Spanish colonial soldiers execute Filipino revolutionaries

1896 - Two days after the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) is discovered by Spanish colonial authorities, Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and Emilio Jacinto y Dizon decide to use numbers instead of letters in changing the revolutionary society's code that has earlier been cracked by the enemies during the opening phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain; during the same day, revolutionary and Mason Faustino Villaruel is arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago as some 500 revolutionaries leave Balintawak for the neighboring Kangkong hamlet where Katipunero Apolinario Samson provides them lodging and food.  


1983 - Opposition leader ex-Sen. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino II is assassinated at the tarmac of the then-Manila International Airport after arriving from the United States where he was allowed by Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos to undergo medical operation for his heart condition following his incarceration for seven years and seven months during Martial Law; the blame for the murder will be pinned by the succeeding administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, Ninoy's widow, on the Marcoses although one of the soldiers convicted for the murder will later point to businessman Eduardo "Dangding" Cojuangco, Ninoy's cousin, as the real mastermind for the dastardly killing. 


Photo credit: http://josepherdon.blogspot.com/2008/12/andres-bonifacio.html