18 JULY

1898 - Beleaguered colonial Spanish troops led by Lieutenant Commander  Juan Lalat surrender to the Filipino revolutionary forces under  Commander Vicente Quesada in Aringay, La Union  more than a  month after Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo declared the Independence of  the Philippines ("under the protection of  the powerful and Humanitarian Nation,"--unknown to Aguinaldo, the emerging imperialist superpower of the 20th century); the Spaniards have been entrenched in the convent  of this town following a sustained combat between the opposing  forces but as the Filipinos prevailed, they were forced to capitulate to Quesada, the province's revolutionary governor who  treats them with all humanitarian considerations; some three months earlier during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Aguinaldo forged an alliance with Admiral George Dewey of the United States that has been rather concurrently fighting a war against Spain; the "alliance," however, would turn out to be a sinister deceptive ploy of the Bald Eagle nation that would soon renege on its military and diplomatic leaders' promises of honoring Philippine Independence, and even staging the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that would falsely make it appear that the Americans, instead of the Filipino revolutionaries, defeated the Spanish colonial forces in the Southeast Asian archipelago and the capital, Manila, as prelude to the baseless December 1898 Treaty of Paris where by that time,  the virtually expelled Spaniards will supposedly "cede" the Philippines to imperialist America; the freedom-fighting Filipinos would then stage a bloody and protracted, though unsuccessful, struggle to assert their independence and fight the vile invading U.S. forces during the Philippine-American War (1899-1914).


Photo credit: http://jibraelangel2blog.blogspot.com/2010/06/members-of-royal-spanish-army-filipino.html

17 JULY

1755 - Pedro Manuel de Arandia y Santestaban, governor and captain-general of colonial Philippines for the Spanish crown, reports that all non-Christian Chinese have been expelled, to be readmitted in the future only on account of trading purposes; 76 years earlier, Spanish governor for the Southeast Asian colony Juan de Vargas, issued a royal cedula compelling all local unmarried Chinese, in the Philippines, whether they were Catholic Christians or unbaptized, to live at the Parian while the married ones were to remain in Binondo, Manila; the commercial vacuum left by the expelled non-Christianized Chinese would be momentarily filled in by British traders, with the said trading interest serving to contribute to England's future colonization plans on Manila; Spanish colonization of the Philippine archipelago began in the mid-16th century when King Philip II sent sent an expedition to conquer said islands in 1559 following the earlier exploration missions including the important one led by explorer Ferdinand Magellan who was killed by the forces of native chieftain Lapu-Lapu of the island of Mactan.


Photo credit: http://senorenrique.blogspot.com/2007/06/inside-bahay-tsinoy.html

16 JULY

1844 - Narciso Claveria y Zaldua becomes governor-general of the  Philippines during the Spanish colonial rule; his administration will  be responsible for correcting the Philippine calendar; establishing the Sociedad de Recreo (Recreation Association);  the founding of papers such as Diario de Manila and La Esperanza; constructing a military library; the purchase of the first steam  war-vessel  for the Southeast Asian colony; and issuing a decree obligating the  natives to adopt Spanish surnames from a catalogue (Catalogo de Apellidos) for the purpose of easier taxation and identification, exempting  only pre-Spanish royalty and Chinese with pre-existing surnames; Claveria would also be responsible for granting Jose Oranguyen, Spanish lawyer-turned-businessman-then-(Tondo)judge-and-explorer, the permit to colonize Davao--a 'mini-conquista'--eventually leading to the area being constituted as a province (Nueva Guipizcoa) with Nueva Bergara (future Davao City) as capital; the 62nd Spanish colonial governor in the Philippines would also be responsible for the conquest of the Sulu island of Balanguingui some four years into his term, overcoming the Moros for which he would be accorded the titles viscount of claveria and count of Mnaila along with the cross of San Fernando.

15 JULY

Rey Felipe II de Espana
(King Philip II of Spain)

1589 - A royal fiscal in colonial Philippines, Gaspar de Ayala, writes Spain King Felipe II a detailed report on matters concerning colonial administration in the Southeast Asian  archipelago during the early decades of Spanish settlements; as well, de Ayala advises the king to construct ships and  fragata, which should be more profitable than galleys; the report of de Ayala also includes the inadequate Chinese trade; the  encomiendas of Dona Maria de Miranda; the conspiracy against  Spaniards; the rebellion in Cagayan; sequestration of illegal  Japanese ship; the conflict between the royal officials and the  bishop; the conflict between the Dominicans and Augustinians;  the need for more religious instructions; the lack of funds in the city hospital; the need for more soldiers, funds, and ammunitions  to secure the Southeast Asian colony; a scandalous incident involving a bishop and a preacher in a cathedral; and the fierce storm that hit Manila; Spain will hold the Philippine archipelago, originally named as Archipelago of St. Lazarus by the explorer Magellan (who was slain by early freedom fighter, the native chieftain Lapu-Lapu), as a colony for more than three hundred years.


Photo credit: Wikipedia

14 JULY

Maj. Gen. Elwell Otis of the imperialistic U.S.
"fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end"

1898 - President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy of the still-in-revolution Philippine Republic writes to gullibly ask George Dewey, admiral of the emerging imperialist United States, to forward  to Washington his June 18 and 23 decrees establishing a  revolutionary dictatorial government to continue the fight for  independence, further stating that "the desires on this government are to remain always in friendship  with the great North American nation, to which we are under many obligations"; on this same day, the 4th U.S. Military  Expedition to the Philippines sails for Manila under Maj. Gen.  Elwell S. Otis, in what would later prove to be  preparation for the imperialistic American invasion of the Philippines: Otis would oversee many of the American atrocities in the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914)  that their forces would surreptitiously instigate come February of the following year, and would be quoted for saying "fighting, having begun, must go on to the grim end" in response to Aguinaldo's plea for an end to the war; around eight months earlier, Dewey forged an alliance with Aguinaldo, deceptively promising to honor Philippine independence, during the (second phase of) the Philippine Revolution intersecting with the Bald Eagle's war against Spain; apparently fooled into thinking it is part of the supposed alliance, Aguinaldo a few weeks stupidly earlier ordered his men "not to interfere" with the North Americans, inadvertently allowing the free entry of the G.I.'s that would lead to the infamous August 1898 Mock Battle of Manila that would falsely make it appear that the Americans--instead of the Filipino revolutionaries--are responsible for defeating the Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago; the baseless Treaty of Paris "ceding" the Philippines to the Bald Eagle nation would be signed, the  U.S. Congress would approve, the enemy Americans will invade with might and cruelty and the Filipinos would unsuccessfully fight a protracted and bloody war to preserve their newfound freedom and dignity.


Photo art: JB

Raw photo: Wikipedia

13 JULY

1901 - Gen. Miguel Malvar y Carpio succeeds as Commander-in-Chief of the  beleaguered Philippine Republic following  President Emilio F. Aguinaldo's treacherous capture by, and hasty swearing of fealty to, the imperialist United States forces nearly 2 1/2 years into the protracted and bloody Filipino-American War (1899-1914); more than three years earlier, Bald Eagle Commodore George Dewey had earlier met with Aguinaldo to strike an alliance, with Filipinos in his nation's separate war with Spain, deceptively making assurances that America is intends to honor Philippine independence;  by August 1898, the US and Spain wickedly staged the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that it was the Americans instead of the Filipinos defeated the Spaniards in the capital, Manila; in five months' time, the Treaty of Paris will be signed, with the virtually ousted-by-Filipinos Spain ridiculously 'ceding' the Philippines to the Bald Eagle nation for $20,000,000 US, and on February 4, 1899, American generals will deliberately instigate the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) in the nefarious bid of the US President William McKinley to make their Congress approve the Treaty of Paris and the annexation [translation: invasion] of the fledgling Southeast Asian nation; Malvar would reverse Aguinaldo's policy of upholding elite interests,  giving importance to the role of peasantry in the anti-imperialist resistance and resulting to covert support of the townspeople to the Filipino freedom fighters while pretending to cooperate with the North American colonizers; by December 1901, Malvar would shift from defensive to offensive campaigns against a number of towns held by the enemy Americans; it would only be after US Gen. Franklin Bell's horrific reconcentration campaign that would break the back of the resistance movement in Batangas  province that Gen. Malvar will surrender to enemy flag in 1902 ; other Filipino guerrila leaders, such as Macario Sakay  and Simeon Ola, and Muslim compatriots in the South will continue  the valiant war against the heavily armed North American  invaders until about 1913. 


Photo credit: http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/images/0/0d/Miguelmalvar.jpg

12 JULY

1899  - Filipino Gen. Artemio Ricarte y Garcia issues a circular asking for  contributions to continue war operations against enemy American  forces, five months into the imperialistic United States invasion  of the fledgling Philippine Republic; the bloody Filipino-American War (1899-1914) broke out in February 1899 after the Republican administration of Bald Eagle President William McKinley deliberately instigated hostilities between the Filipino and American forces at the San Juan bridge as part of his sinister plan to make the US Senate approve the December 1898 Treaty of Paris to pave the way for the annexation [translation: invasion] of the fledgling Southeast Asian Republic; more than a year earlier, the emerging imperialist power that was the US  forged an alliance with revolutionary leader Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as part of its war against colonial Spain during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, deceptively promising to honor the independence of the Filipinos; weeks later, amidst the fact that the Filipino revolutionary forces have already wrested control of virtually all of the entire archipelago from the Spaniards, the Americans further conned Aguinaldo by asking him to "not to interfere" and allow the free entry of G.I.s into the islands only to stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that the Americans--instead of the Filipinos--were the ones who defeated the Spaniards in Manila; Spain and the US would then sign the Paris Treaty that 'ceded' the Philippines as McKinley justifies his undemocratic, treacherous policy before the American public by ridiculously claiming that God had supposedly spoken to him to colonize the  Southeast Asian land "to educate the Filipinos, and uplift and  Christianize them,"--this, when most of the Philippines have long been Catholic Christians. 



Raw photo credits:

http://www.army.mil.ph/About_the_army/army/history/lineage/01.gif
Wikipedia

11 JULY

Dr. Pio Valenzuela

1896 - Pio Valenzuela y Alejandrino future co-founder and auditor of the  secret--society-turned-revolutionary-body Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan  nang manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), is born during the Spanish  colonial period to Lorenza Alejandrino and capitan mayor Francisco Valenzuela; Valenzuela, just about the only ilustrado among the Katipunan founders, will also be the emissary of  future Supreme President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro to reformist patriot and polymath Jose Mercado Rizal just before the outbreak of the Revolution;  elected physician and, later, fiscal general of the Katipunan in 1895, he will turn his back on his compatriots and the revolution,  as he will go into hiding and be one of the first to avail of the amnesty offered by Spanish Governor-General Ramon Blanco  after the KKK's discovery; it will be said that Rizal's arguments against the Revolution (as to "how it was absurd" ) will convince Valenzuela to surrender to the Spaniards some time after his talk with the reformist leader who will later testify that he "counseled against [the revolution], trying to convince him by rational arguments...took his leave persuaded";  during the United States' invasion of the Philippines, Valenzuela will  accept American's offer of serving as municipal president of Polo,  Bulacan.

10 JULY

1941 - During the imperialist American Occupation, blackout practices  in Manila and other parts of the Philippines are held in  anticipation of the Pacific Theatre phase of World War II;  apart from the blackouts wherein lights are dimmed so as not to make a certain place conspicuous  and easy  target for attacks, the colonial United States and Filipino officials also establish evacuation  centers and "air-aid drills" in the Southeast Asian archipelago some five months before the Japanese  Imperial Army begins invading the US-occupied Philippines following the Asian power's bombing of the Bald Eagle's naval base at Pearl Harbor (December 1941).


Photo credit: anderson militario.com

9 JULY

US Forces, on a sinister hidden plan to invade the Philippines, disembark

1898 - Imperialist United States Gen. Thomas M. Anderson communicates from the Philippines to the  Adjutant-General in Washington, D.C. that he foresees a  possible conflict with Filipino forces, some three months after the Americans forged an 'alliance' with the Filipinos during (the second phase of) the Philippine 'Himagsikan' against Spain; the communication of Anderson, designated commander of the US land forces in the Southeast Asian archipelago during the rather concurrent Spanish-American War, comes only three days after he had been informed by Philippine President Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy that the latter has acceded to Anderson's  request, ordering  his soldiers "not to  interfere" with the American forces who have been entering the country supposedly as part of the US efforts against Spain; Commodore George Dewey had earlier met with Aguinaldo to strike an alliance, deceptively assuring the then-revolutionary leader that America  intends to honor Philippine independence as Anderson later professed his nation's sympathy with Filipinos;  by August, the US and Spain will vilely stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that  the Americans instead of the Filipinos defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines; in five months' time, the Treaty of Paris will be signed, with the virtually ousted-by-Filipinos Spain ridiculously 'ceding' the Philippines to the Bald Eagle nation for $20,000,000 US, and on February 4, 1899, American generals will deliberately instigate the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) in the nefarious bid of the US President William McKinley to make their Congress approve the Treaty of Paris and the annexation [translation: invasion] of the fledgling Southeast Asian nation.



Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

8 JULY

Imperialist American soldiers march to Manila

1900 - Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy orders guerilla  officers to set aside the days between September 15 and 24 for a  general offensive against the invading United States forces, one  year and five (5) months into the bloody  Philippine-American War (1899-1914); two days  short of a year earlier, Aguinaldo, who had wrested Filipino revolutionary leadership by ordering the dead-or-alive abduction and subsequently the assassination-cum-execution of Katipunan Supreme President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro,  stupidly directed his soldiers  "not to interfere" with the Bald Eagle forces entering the Southeast Asian  archipelago after officers of the emerging imperialist nation led by then-Admiral George Dewey forged an alliance with him against colonial Spain during the concurrent (second phase of the) Philippine Revolution and intersecting Spanish-American War, deceptively promising him that the Bald Eagle nation would honor Filipino independence; the decision to allow the free entry of the US soldier into the archipelago would prove to be a most stupid military decision, enabling the vile Americans to position themselves to steal Philippine independence--staging the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed to the world that  the Americans instead of the Filipinos defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines as supposed basis for the  ridiculous December 1898 Treaty of Paris that 'ceded' the former Spanish colony to the US.


Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

7 JULY

1892 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and other radical members of La Liga Filipina found the Filipino secret society Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan  (KKK)  with the expressed aim of complete separation from colonial Spain a few days after the arrest of polymath and reformist patriot, Jose Mercado Rizal; the concept of the Katipunan, which will turn into a revolutionary government four years later, is said to be distinct from the reformist aims of Rizal and other ilustrado propagandists in that it wields the concept of building a state that is not only politically independent from Spain but as well have moral, civic, and political goals to be constructed from the indigenous perspective(s) of all the islands--a nation they will call  TAGALOG [referring] to all born in the Philippines from whatever ethnic group they belong; the Katipunan would launch the Himagsikan (Revolution) against Spain in August 1896 under the leadership of the Bonifacio as Supreme President.

1899 - More than a month after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo had Gen. Antonio Luna assassinated, dispatches from Manila contain the statement that General Luna’s death has strengthened Aguinaldo’s leadereship. “Luna’s supporters are now outwardly loyal to Aguinaldo.”; Aguinaldo has been widely blamed for setting a trap for Luna's assassination on June 5, 1899, 5 months into the Philippine-American War (1899-1904), because he did not meet Luna despite his signed telegram calling him to a conference and because during the murder, Aguinaldo's mother looked out the window and asked: Is he still breathing?"; historian Teodoro Kalaw would write that Aguinaldo also ordered his other subordinates including Gen. Gregorio del Pilar to capture Gen. Luna 'dead or alive,' prompting the Bulakeno boy-general to leave for Bamban and Mabalacat to execute the bloody task although the President's bodyguards got to Luna first.

6 JULY

1898 - In what will prove to be a most stupid military decision,  Dictator Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy of the fledgling Philippine Republic  assures imperialist United States Gen. Thomas M. Anderson that he has  already ordered his "people not to interfere" with the North American  forces who has been entering the Southeast Asian archipelago  during the Spanish-American War; Aguinaldo, who has led Filipinos to defeat the Spanish forces at almost every encounter and win control over almost the entire northern provinces and the bay coast from colonial Spanish forces during the so-called second phase of the Revolution, had forged an alliance with the Americans after earlier being deceptively assured by United States Commodore  George Dewey and other military diplomatic Bald Eagle officials including Anderson himself, that the US is an ally who will respect Philippine independence; in a few months, the  sinister and eventually successful  invasion plan of the Bald Eagle nation against the Philippines will be revealed, initially through the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that will falsely show to the world that it is the Americans instead of the Filipinos that have defeated the Spaniards in the islands, and then when the imperialist US generals instigate the bloody and protracted  Philippine-American War (1899-1914) seven months later; Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, Aguinaldo's adviser and future Prime Minister, will later express his belief in his memoirs that Aguinaldo, who in 1897 violently wrested the revolutionary leadership from Katipunan Supreme President Andres Bonifacio y de Castro,  "accepted [the verbal promises] because he [feared] that other influential Filipinos should (rob him of glory and) reach an understanding with the Americans in the name of the people."




Image credit: University of Texas

5 JULY

1896 - Several weeks before the breakout of the Philippine  Revolution, the Spanish colonial authorities sense activities relating  to the secret-organization-turned-revolutuionary government, the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan  (KKK) , with  Lieutenant Manuel Sityar of the Guardia Civil stationed in Pasig  sending a confidential letter to the Civil Governor of Manila informing  him of how certain individuals, especially in Mandaluyong and San  Juan del Monte, are enlisting men for unknown purposes, making  them sign in pledge with their own blood; the Katipunan is a anticolonial secret society established by Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, future KKK Supreme President,  Ladislao Diwa, Teodoro Plata, Deodato Arellano and Valentin Diaz on 7 July 1892, with political, moral and civic aims and a clear concept of one nation they referred to as TAGALOG [referring] to all born in the Philippines from whatever ethnic groups they belong.

4 JULY

Imperialist US Gen. Anderson

1898 - Three weeks after the declaration of the Philippine Independence when the Filipinos  have already wrested control of most of the archipelago from the Spaniards, United States Gen. Thomas M. Anderson, in command of the North American land forces during the Spanish-American War that intersected with the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, writes to  President Emilio Aguinaldo asking him for cooperation in the American war with Spain,  deceptively expressing supposed American sympathy with the people of the Philippine Islands; the imperialist Bald Eagle officer will even request--and be stupidly granted by Aguinaldo--that their forces be allowed free entry into the Southeast Asian archipelago and that in seven months' time, the Bald Eagle will reveal its true, sinister imperialistic design on the Philippines, deliberately and secretly instigating the bloody Filipino-American War (1899-1914), with  Gen. Anderson seeing action in the 1899 Battle of Manila where he will capture Pasay and afterwards, leading his division in minor engagements at Santana, San Pedro and Guadalupe.
Anderson is only one among the imperialist American military and diplomatic officers--notably including Admiral George Dewey and  US Consul in Singapore and Rounseville Wildman--who took turns in deceptively promising Aguinaldo that they will honor Philippine Independence while forging an alliance against colonial Spain; Anderson, for his part, specifically told Aguinaldo that "the United States have been a great nation for 122 years, and have never had or desired a colony. I leave you to draw your own inference."