15 JANUARY

1900 - Lipa, Batangas is captured and looted by the forces of the 38th and 39th infantry regiments of the imperialist United States, nearly a year into the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914); some three months after the Bald Eagle forces nation launched a full-scale invasion offensive against the ill-equipped forces of the fledgling Philippine Republic and as the flames of war engulf southern Luzon, the enemy regiments advance from Tanuan Batangas into Lipa, which enemy Major Elwell Otis would describe as being marked by the occasional firing of shots by small Filipino detachments and some brisk resistance; Filipino freedom-fighters would continue the fight for independence via guerrilla warfare including in Batangas, forcing the invading bald Eagle. soldiers to resort to the cruel tactic of concentration camps: by Christmas of 1901, all residents of Batangas as well as Laguna, including the women and children, would be herded and kept prisoners into small areas and their houses, carts, animals, etc. be burned down.

14 JANUARY

Anti-imperialist Sen. George F. Hoar

1899 - Sen. George F. Hoar of the United States submits what would be an unsuccessful resolution to  his country's Congress declaring that  the Philippines should be free and  independent; Hoar's resolution comes some three weeks after the invasion.cum. benevolent assimilation' proclamation of Bald Eagle nation President William McKinley claiming American "sovereignty" and ordering the "immediate occupation" of the former Spanish colony in Southeast Asia; Hoar, a prominent senator from Concord Massachusetts, is an anti-imperialist who denounces the ferocious issue of American imperialism, both in the Philippines and in Puerto Rico; Hoar would be almost alone  trying to prevent the imperialist course of his country and countering the voraciously vile pro-imperialist, Sen. Albert J. Beveridge who defends the supposed right of America to subjugate 'savage peoples and foreign governments' leading to the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914).

1899 - Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, leader of the fledgling Philippine  Republic, enumerates the reward to be given to those who would risk their  lives fighting for the independence of the country amidst the enemy United States' proclamation of aggression ("Benevolent Assimilation"); in response to yesterday's telegraph by Gen. Manuel Noriel and Col. Juan Cailles which asks for his earlier ultimatum against the imperialist United States and terms or rewards the government has scheduled, Aguinaldo writes: "Those who would be heroes will have a large quantity of money, extraordinary rewards, promotions, crosses of Biyak-na-bato, Marquis of Malate, Ermita, Count of Manila, etc. besides the congratulations of our worshipful country for their patriotism. The ultimatum has not been sent, but it will be within a few days"; eight days earlier, upon learning of the full contents of Bald Eagle President McKinley's aggression proclamation, Aguinaldo issued a counter-proclamation but which he soon softened by withdrawing the "open hostilities" phrase in another counter-proclamation.


Photo credits:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Frisbie_Hoar_-_Brady-Handy.jpg
http://www1.assumption.edu/users/lknoles/twaincartoons.html

13 JANUARY

1834 - The residents of Misamis, Iligan, and Dapitan are rewarded for  being descendants of the first Filipinos in the Mindanao island to  aid in the Spanish pacification/conquests of the Philippines: the Queen of Spain confirms the Supreme Council of the Indies' decision to grant the same exemption from tribute payment and personal service as was earlier  bestowed on their ancestors. 

1933- The Congress of the imperialist United States Congress passes the  Hare-Hawes-Cutting Independence Act providing for the "independence" of  the American colony the Philippines despite the veto of US President  Herbert Hoover; however its passage is nullified by the its defeat in the colonial Philippine Legislature that needed to simultaneously approve it; American-sponsored Philippine President Manuel L. Quezon had objected to the bill Hare-Hawes-Cutting bill on grounds of (1) the inconsistency of its economic provisions with independence; (2) itsobjectionable and offensive immigration clause; (3) vague stipulation of the powers of the US  High Commissioner; and (4) its retention of US military bases; Quezon would subsequently head a mission to the US and successfully encourage the passage of the 1934 Tyding's McDuffie Act that differed slightly from the Hares- Hawes-Cutting Act particularly with regards its provision for the withdrawal of imperialist US military establishments after  Philippine independence. 


Photo credit:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spanish_map_of_Mindanao.jpg

12 JANUARY

1889 - The Associacion Hispano-Filipina, a non-partisan organization composed of Filipinos and Spaniards and aimed at securing reforms for  colonial Philippines is inaugurated in Madrid; prominent Filipino reformists Marcelo H. del Pilar and Mariano Ponce are among its officers led by Miguel Morayta as president and Felipe de la Corta as vice-president; the first steps towards its formation seems to have begun in July 1888 when some Filipinos joined up with a handful of peninsular Spaniards in order "to work for the material and moral improvement  of the Philippine Archipelago"; some of its early objectives included obligatory teaching of the Spanish language in all schools in the country and suspension of flogging in prisons and justice courts; del Pilar, who is a friend of Morayta, would figure in the efficacy of the Asociacion by way of the Masonic ties he forged through the lodge Solidaridad, as seen in how the association managed to muster some 7,000 signatures for the petition that the Cortes favor Philippine representation.

1903 - The return from exile of Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, former  Philippine Prime Minister, is opposed by colonial American civil governor William Howard Taft who writes to the War Department of the imperialist United States asking that the former be demanded to swear allegiance to the Bald Eagle  flag; Mabini, dubbed the "Brains of the [second phase] of the Revolution"  against Spain was exiled, along with other captured Filipino officials, when they refused to swear loyalty to the imperialist United States during  the early phase of the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914); Mabini, a paralytic, was forced to take his oath of allegiance to the enemy invaders because of his ill health but will supposedly resume his agitation for Philippine independence; Mabini will die in May 1903, less than three weeks after his return to his beloved homeland.


Raw photo credits:

http://hubpages.com/hub/Biography-of-Marcelo-H-del-Pilar
http://www.skyscrapercity.com/showthread.php?t=328899

11 JANUARY

1897 - Thirteen Filipino martyrs,  are  executed by the colonial Spanish  authorities in Bagumbayan, Manila, more than four months after the  outbreak of the Philippine Revolution;  executed on this day and to be known as the "13 Martyrs of Bagumbayan" are Domingo T. Franco, Moises Salvador, Francisco L. Roxas, Luis Enciso Villareal, Jose  Dizon, Lt. Benedicto P. Nijaga, Corporal Jeronimo M. Cristobal,  Antonio S. Salazar, Ramon Padilla, Faustino  Villaruel, Baulio Rivera, Numeriano R.  Adriano, and Eustaquio Manalak; the execution is the second to the last implementation of capital punishment on convicted Filipino freedom-fighters as part of the cruel Spanish policy to instigate fear in the bid to contain the Revolution, the others being on September 4, September 11, November 3, December 14, December  29, and December 30 of 1896 and January 4 and February 6 of this year.

1902 - Honorata "Atang" de la Rama, future Filipino  national artist and "queen of zarzuela and the kundiman," is born in Pandacan, Manila; her constant exposure to zarzuela music played by her uncle, composer Leon Ignacio, figured in her love for the performing arts, becoming the first Filipina movie actress; de la Rama will graduate with a degree in B.S. Pharmacy and will take up voice, violin, and piano lessons before studying diction with fellow future national artist Jovita Fuentes; Atang de la Rama will popularize the song "Nabasag ang Banga" by playing the lead role in the 1917 zarzuela "Dalagang Bukid" that would later be made into the first Tagalog full-length feature movie two years later; believing that zarzuela and kundiman genuinely reflect Filipino identity, she will go to great lenghts to propagate and popularize the art forms, traveling to tribal groups and performing before revolutionary organizations such as the Hukbalahap, the Sakdal and the Colorum. 


Photo credit:  http://video48.blogspot.com/2008/09/orasang-ginto-1946-first-post-war.html

10 JANUARY

1945 - Guillermo Nakar, Future Filipino World War II anti-Japanese guerrilla leader, is born in Infanta, Quezon; Nakar would become a 14th Infantry battalion commander of the PhilippineForces during the American colonial period; during World War II, Nakar would form the first official guerrilla force designated by the colonial USAFFEE (United States Armed Forces in the Far East) as the 1st Guerrilla Regiment, but he would be captured by the Japanese forces; Nakar would be captured and executed by the Japanese, supposedly by beheading, because he will refuse to swear allegiance to the new colonial government, saying that "I cannot transfer my allegiance to the United States and my country"; in his honor, a town in Infanta, Quezon would be named after him--Gen. Nakar.


Photo credit: http://i.ytimg.com/vi/Ntr-eRvMX0I/0.jpg

9 JANUARY

1899- Agueda Kahabagan y Yniqinto is  appointed general of the fledgling  Philippine Army, two years and four months after the launch of the  Philippine Revolution against Spain but barely a month before the  imperialist Bald Eagle nation triggers the bloody and protracted Filipino- American War (1899-1914); the lone  "generala" who joined the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK)   even before it was discovered, prominently figured in a host of  revolutionary battles where the men she led often went ahead of the main body  assigned to attack Spanish positions; she has been described as often engaging in battles wearing white and holding a rifle in one hand and dagger in another.

1942 - Filipino lawyer, journalist, opposition stalwart Juan Sumulong y  Marquez dies during the Japanese Occupation of the erstwhile American  colony in Southeast Asia; Sumulong, who fought during the Philippine  Revolution against Spain but early on collaborated with the succeeding  government of the imperialist United States, became a respected political  oppositionist to the presidency of Manuel L. Quezon during the American  colonial period; along with Rafael Palma, he was responsible for winning  the libel suit filed against the  newspaper "El Renacimiento," the first  case the colonial government lost; Sumulong headed the Partido Nactional  Progresista that aspired for gradual independence for the country and is noted for having been praised by nationalist solon Claro M. Recto for his "high reputation for intellectual capacity and integrity"; hours before his death during World War II, Sumulong told Jorge Bocobo and Jose Fabella that he and his party would refuse to join the Japanese-sponsored Philippine government.

Raw Image credit:   http://mackydoza.tumblr.com/post/970670597/the-only-female-general

8 JANUARY

1733 - Juan "Palaris" de la Cruz,  future early Filipino freedom fighter  and leader of the 2nd Pangasinan  Revolt, is born (as Pantaleon Pelaez) in Binalatongan,  Pangasinan during the Spanish colonial  period; de la Cruz would lead the  revolt that would develop  from an  insurrection to begin in  Binalatongan when town residents  will defy the paying of tributes on the  ground that with the British occupation of Manila, the Spanish colonial government has been dissolved; Palaris would eventually be  caught as the 1763 Treaty of Paris ends the Seven-Year War with the  British, allowing Spain to focus on  the military campaign in Pangasinan;  Palaris' sister would betray him and  tell the Spaniards of his whereabouts  and the combined Spanish and Ilokano  colonial forces would quash the rebels and Palaris eventually hanged.

1899 - Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo, leader of the fledgling Philippine Republic, softens the counter-proclamation he issued two days earlier against the imperialistic "Benevolent Assimilation" proclamation of the Bald Eagle nation president William McKinley; Aguinaldo withdrew his January 6 statement that warned of "open hostilities" if United States troops attempt to forcibly occupy the Visayas upon learning that the McKinley claimed “sovereignty” and “right of cession” and ordered the “immediate occupation” of the Philippines; earlier, Aguinaldo was earlier stupidly conned by the scheming Americans into trusting them as allies against colonial Spain and, thus, inadvertently enabled the American troops to position themselves for the invasion  when he allowed the free entry of G.I.s into the Southeast Asian archipelago; within less than a month, the imperialist Bald Eagle soldiers trigger the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914).


Raw photo credits:

http://www.search.com/reference/Philippine_American_War
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~hist32/History/19th%20Century.htm

7 JANUARY

1875 - Future Filipino revolutionary patriot and leader Luciano San Miguel y Saklolo is born in Cavite during the Spanish colonial period; a graduate of the Ateneo de Manila, San Miguel will join the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) and affiliate himself with the Magdiwang chapter of the KKK in his province whose other members include Mariano Alvarez, Artemio Ricarte, and Diego Mojica; San Miguel will survive the genocidal attack of Spanish Colonel Rosas on their garrison in Nasugbu in March 1897 and during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, will receive the command as colonel of the northern provinces of Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Morong, Batangas, Laguna, and Manila; during the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) and a few months before Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's capture and prompt pledge of loyalty to the imperialist flag, Gen. San Miguel will revive the Katipunan and will later be elected supreme commander of the revolutionary army that will continue the guerrilla warfare against the enemy Bald Eagle forces; San Miguel will die in the Battle of Koral-na-Bato in Antipolo Rizal in March 27, 1903 but will manage to utter the glorious words of heroism: “To give up one’s life for the Motherland and her freedom – this alone, is true happiness and honor!”


1899 - Higinio Benitez y Ortega, member of the  Philippine Republic's Malolos Congress, traitorously collaborates with the imperialist American invaders when he accepts the position of secretary of the American sponsored Supreme Court under fellow another American lackey and  collaborator eleven (11) months into the bloody Filipino-American War (1899-1914); Benitez, along with Graciano Cordero, was earlier named Laguna representative in the Malolos Congress that drafted what would be Asia's first republican constitution and was approved on January 21, 1899, less than three weeks before the imperialist Americans officially began its heinous invasion of the Southeast Asian republic; along with many other rich and educated Filipinos, Benitez unpatriotically opted not to fight the Bald Eagle invaders and was rewarded with a juicy positions in the colonial government until his retirement as 17th judicial district judge. 


Photo credits:

National Historical Institute

http://www.retrato.com.ph/list.asp?subject=82&heading=&searchby=&searchwhere=&keyword=&pg=3

6 JANUARY

1927 - Filipino journalist and patriot Martin Ocampo, founder of  the nationalistic daily "El Renacimiento," dies during the American colonial times; Ocampo, who was a Manila Customs officer during the Spanish colonial period who published Manual de Aduanista, a compilation of tariff rules with explanations, was implicated in the Philippine Revolution of 1896 when members of the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) used his home as bastion during one of the ensuing revolutionary battles; Ocampo himself got involved but only during the second phase of the Revolution when he helped lead as colonel the Sandatahan forces that attacked the enemy bastion, Manila; some two or so years into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914) but with the imperialist United States having already begun establishing its colonial government, Ocampo turned into journalism where he founded the El Renacimiento, began publishing the offshoot "Muling Pagsilang" the following year and later in 1907,  also "Lipang Kalabaw" and the short-lived English version of "El Renacimiento," and eventually, "La Vangardia" and "Taliba"; Ocampo would figure but would be cleared in the libel suit filed by colonial Secretary of Interior Dean C. Worcester who was alluded to in a scathing El Renacimineto editorial "Aves de  Rapina" attacking Worcester for corruption and describing him as having "the characteristics of the vulture, the owl, and the vampire," owing to supposed use of public money to finance gold prospecting  Benguet  mountains for personal gains.



Photo credit: http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Renacimiento_Filipino

5 JANUARY

1898 - Don Francisco Mercado, the  father of Filipino patriot and  polymath Jose Rizal, dies during the  Spanish colonial times; Don  Francisco's death comes a little more than a year after the execution of  their seventh child, Jose, in the grandstand of Bagumbayan, Manila, on charges of sedition, conspiracy, and rebellion against the Spanish  authorities based on his supposed connection with members of the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan that launched the Philippine Revolution of 1896; Don Jose's family was affluent but they suffered oppression  from the Spaniards because of Rizal's propaganda activities that included  his authorship of Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo, two novels that  depict the oppression of the Filipinos under the colonizers. 


1899 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, leader of the fledgling Philippine  Republic, issues a counter-proclamation expressing how his government is "disposed to open hostilities if the American troops attempt to take forcible possession of the Visayan islands" in response to the imperialistic "Benevolent Assimilation" proclamation made by William McKinley, President of the  Bald Eagle nation; Aguinaldo had earlier stupidly allowed the free entry of G.I.s into the Southeast Asian archipelago after being conned by American officials into believing that the U.S. would respect Philippine independence and was an ally against colonizers, thus allowing the enemy Americans to  position themselves for the eventual invasion; a day before,  Aguinaldo discovered that the original proclamation issued by McKinley as  quoted by Gen. Otis deleted important phrases that shows the vile colonial  design of the imperialist United  States and should have read as:

...the future control, disposition, and government of the Philippine Islands are ceded to the United States...the actual occupation and administration of the entire group of the Philippine Islands becomes immediately necessary, and the military government heretofore maintained by the United States in the city, harbor, and bay of Manila is to be extended with all possible dispatch to the whole of the ceded territory.

Photo credit: http://joserizal.info/images/buhay_at_mga_gawa_rizal/francisco_mercado.jpg

4 JANUARY

1897 - The 11 martyrs of Bicol are executed by Spanish colonial authorities in Bagumbayan some four months after the outbreak of the Philippine Himagsikan during five days after polymath, patriot, and foremost propagandist Jose Mercado Rizal met the same fate by firing squad; the execution followed the arrest, imprisonment, and torture of the martyrs in Bicol, along with some other suspects, before being shipped to Manila for trial on October 19, 1896; Domingo Abella, Manuel Abella, Fr. Severino Diaz, Fr. Inocencio Herrera, Camilo Jacob, Cornelio Mercado, Florencio Lerma, Mariano Melgarejo, Fr. Tomas Prieto, Gabriel Prieto, and Macario Valentin were all adjudged guilty of rebellion and sentenced to die by firing squad, with Leon Hernandez, Mariano Ordenanza, Ramon Abella and Ramon Arana either dying in prison or dying in exile  in Fernando Po island off Africa, and Fr. Manuel Subarno and Fr. Severo Estrada having been cleared of charges; the names of the suspects were extracted by the hated Spaniards through the arrest and torture/interrogation of Masonic lodge member and future general of the revolution, Vicente Lukban, as well as trickery during the interrogation of Malinao Albay parish priest Tomas Prieto; the first batch of revolutionaries executed in Bagumbayan took place in August 31, 1896 after the secret-society-turned-revolutionary government  the first batch of revolutionaries executed in Bagumbayan were some 57 Katipuneros, taking place in August 31, 1896 after the secret-society-turned revolutionary government Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan launched the general uprising two days earlier, with the colonial Spaniards reacting with terror-level response to quell the revolution that has begun in eight Luzon provinces but soon spread like wildfire to other parts of the archipelago.


Photo credit: http://www.bicolmail.com/issue/2010/aug12/pictures/bicol01.gif

 

3 JANUARY

1890 - Filipino polymath, propagandist, and patriot Jose Mercado Rizal writes fellow reformist Mariano Ponce, informing him that he had already sent nine copies of the Morga book to Fernando Canon; the Morga work is Rizal's republication of Antonio de Morga's Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas (Events in the Philippine Islands) that discusses the ancient history of the Philippine archipelago before the colonization schemes of Spain; Ponce will later praise Rizal for his work on Sucesos de las Islas Filipinas involving the writing of the excellent introduction and of annotations showing that the natives of the islands had an advanced civilization before the Spanish colonizers came; while the Morga work is valuable in its record of the early Filipino culture, including ethics, skills, and social patterns that have either been destroyed or comprised during the Spanish colonization,  Rizal's 1890 republication is apparently an attempt to neutralize the obvious bias of Morga in the Spaniard's rather disjointed writing of the history of wars, intrigues, diplomacy and evangelization of the archipelago, even including inventions of  'facts', in the bid to defend the bloody conquest of the natives; Rizal, Ponce, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Marcelo H. del Pilar form the more prominent members of the Propaganda Movement aiming to foster heightened awareness of the "mother" country Spain as to the needs and plight of its colony, the Philippines and to make for a closer and more equal association of the indios/Filipinos and Spaniards.

Photo credit:

http://www.kabayancentral.com/book/nhi/9715380174.jpg

2 JANUARY

1749 - Muhammad Alimuddin I, the first future Christian sultan in the Philippines, lands in Cavite after fleeing with his family from Jolo where he faced an unsuccessful assassination attempt from his own brother, Bantillan, who led a rebellion over the sultan's granting of permission to Jesuit friars for missionary work; from Cavite, Alimuddin proceeded to Manila where he was publicly received with a royal reception befitting his stature as a high ranking prince; he would eventually be baptized a Christian, as Don Fernando de Alimuddin I,  a development that would be cheered by the Spaniards but met in Sulu with an all-out war; a year later, the Spaniards would try to restore Alimuddin by forcibly making his brother, the new sultan, accept him but would end up imprisoning Alimuddin and his family for supposed duplicity; Alimuddin, who later would send his daughter Fatimah to Mindanao, would be instrumental in restoring peace not only in Jolo but also between the colonial Spaniards and Bantullan who earlier conducted raids on church property and kidnapped Christian prisoners.

1884 - Filipino patriot and polymath Jose Rizal presents his proposal to  write a novel about the Philippines before members of Circulo-Hispano  Filipino during the Spanish colonial period; Rizal's concept is approved  but the project will not take off  because not one of his supposed group  members will end up writing anything; eventually, Rizal will write his own novel  on his country--what would be the controversial novel Noli Me Tangere  that depicts the abuses of the friars and the general suffering and  oppression suffered by the Filipinos  under the Spaniards; the book, which will be banned in certain parts of the Philippines because of its portrayal of corruption in the Catholic Church and the colonial government, would be instrumental in forging a sense of Filipino national identity and consciousness.




Photo credit: http://dbijoux26.wordpress.com/about/noli-me-tangere-touch-me-not/

1 JANUARY

Pres. Manuel A. Roxas

1892 - Manuel Acuna Roxas, the future fifth officially recognized President  of the Philippines, is born during the Spanish colonial period; Roxas would  completely be a product of colonial American education until his law  school at the University of the Philippines where he graduated at the top of his class before topping the bar examinations in 1914; Roxas will win the 1946 presidential elections over President Sergio Osmena who earlier refused to campaign on the belief that the Filipinos should know his four decades of record of honest and faithful service; Roxas' administration will be controversial for pushing for the ratification of the "parity amendment" to the 1935 Constitution which grants American citizens the right to exploit the natural resources of the Philippines.

First Lady Pacencia H. Laurel

1963 - Pacencia Hidalgo-Laurel y Valencia, former First Lady of Jose P.  Laurel, the third officially  recognized President of the Philippines, dies after a lingering illness; Hidalgo-Laurel was a thrifty, hardworking woman with a keen sense of business and became responsible for helping build the Laurel's fortune;  she took charge of supporting their family when her husband was imprisoned by the colonial American authorities on charges of collaboration with the Japanese during World War II; following Jose P. Laurel's retirement  from politics in the 1950s, she helped build her husband's dream of putting  up a school--what would be the Lyceum the Philippines.





Photo credits:

Wikipedia.
http://www.pinoyvote.net/manuel-roxas/