12 FEBRUARY

1901 -  Former Filipino Prime Minister Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, Gen. Artemio Ricarte and other defiant revolutionary leaders who have been deported from the Philippines begin their exile in Guam; refusing to swear fealty to imperialist America, they form part of the handful of proud survivors of the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) who stand out against the many who have given up the cause of independence for their native country.




Photo credits:

http://www.letranalumni.org/index.php?option=com_awiki&view=mediawiki&article=Artemio_Ricarte?qsrc=3044

http://komiklopedia.wordpress.com/2007/10/13/filipino-heroes-series/apolinariomabini/

11 FEBRUARY

1860 - Vicente R. Lukban, future Filipino revolutionary leader and patriot, is born in Labo, Camarines Norte during the Spanish colonial period; Lukban will join the underground society aiming to topple Spanish rule, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) , and will be arrested and tortured by the Spaniards, in the process squealing his other associates, a number of whom will be executed as part  of the so-called "Bicol Martyrs"; he will become the military governor of Samar during the Revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), and be responsible for organizing the natives and effectively using guerilla warfare, turning Samar into "one of the few centers of the Republic's success" against the invading imperialist American forces; he will report about an important Fil-Am War occurrence under his Samar-Leyte jurisdiction, the Balangiga Incident wherein the townspeople of Balanginga, Samar will kill many of the enemy imperialist American soldiers headquartered inside a church; for a time, he will continue to fight the imperialist invaders even after President Emilio Aguinaldo swears loyalty to the United States flag, with Lukban even issuing a proclamation exhorting Filipinos to continue fighting because "we are worthy of independence and of universal respect, because we know our rights and how to die in their defense."

1899 - The seaport and city of Iloilo are captured by the imperialist United States forces one week into the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914); enemy American Gen. Marcus Miller, with reinforcements from the warships of the squadron of Admiral George Dewey, has led the attack on Iloilo, with Gen. Aniano Diokno and "henerala" Teresa Magbanua leading the battle against the enemy forces; earlier on December 25, 1898, three days after the Filipinos drove out the Spanish colonial forces, the Bald Eagle forces occupied the nearby Panay island even before the Fil-Am War began.

Photo credit: http://www.lukban.org/vicente-lukban.php

10 FEBRUARY

1945 - Manuel C. Colayco, Filipino "liberation hero" dies after an enemy hand grenade explodes in front of the University of Santo Tomas' main gate where he was pointing out to his fellow guerrilla soldiers the strategic spots and important buildings in the campus; Colayco's group was leading the rescue operations to free Filipino and Americans being held captive by the Japanese in UST during World War II; a lawyer, faculty member and editor, Colayco enlisted in the Philippine Army during the American colonial era and volunteered to serve in the first line of defense of Bataan when the Japanese occupied the Philippines when Pacific theater of WW II broke out; he survived the brutal Death March and was later released by the Japanese in Capaz enabling him to reestablish and head the 7th Manila Unit of  the Allied Intelligence Bureau in October 1942, and to publish the guerrilla newspaper "Freedom"; the guerrilla operation that caused him his life involved leading forces to Manila and through the gate of UST, with the prisoners in the University eventually liberated.


Photo credit:  http://nemoto2009.blog73.fc2.com/blog-date-20100308.html

9 FEBRUARY

1926 - Teodoro M. Kalaw, nationalist Filipino scholar, legislator, and historian, composes his report on the Philippine Independence campaign in the United States during the American colonial rule; Kalaw will present the report to the Commission on Independence, a body created by the colonial Philippine Legislature in November 1918 aimed at working for "independence, for its external guarantees, and for the internal organization" in the U.S.; the report of Kalaw who was part of the staff of Senator Sergio Osmeña selected to be the country’s special envoy to the US, came 27 years after the Bald Eagle nation invaded and triggered the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) following imperialist American President William McKinley's declaration of "Benevolent Assimilation" [translation: invasion] policy towards the Philippines; earlier in 1904, Kalaw wrote in the nationalist newspsper El Renacimiento about his paper's campaign against the abuses of the Constabulary, corruption, banditry, illiteray of the people, and "the slow disappearance of the 'Filipino Soul' under the seductive wiles of Anglo-Saxonism." 



Photo credit: http://vincemd.blogspot.com/2010/04/teodoro-kalaw-on-stamps.html

8 FEBRUARY

1890 - Claro M. Recto, future Filipino nationalist statesman and president of the 1934 Constitutional Convention is born; Recto will be one of the most stern critics of American colonial rule, advocating Philippine autonomy and removal of the US military bases, and the controversial parity rights that gives Americans the right to exploit Philippine natural resources; he will ran for president against then Vice-President Carlos P. Garcia but will lose, with his candidacy suffering from the dirty tricks department of the United States' Central Intelligence Agency that will distribute holed condoms that were labeled  "Courtesy of Claro M. Recto--the People's Friend"; dubbed one of the 'finest minds of his generation,' Recto, who had no known heart disease, will officially die from heart attack in October 1960 but suspicions on his death are cast on the CIA because prior to his death, he met with two mysterious "Caucasians" in business suits before he died, US government documents later showing CIA Chief of Station Ralph Lovett and US Ambassador to the Philippines Admiral Raymond Spruance having earlier discussed plan to murder Recto with a vial of poison.


Photo credit: http://lipatourism.wordpress.com/culture/lipas-famous-families/

7 FEBRUARY

1986 - Philippine snap elections for the presidency and vice-presidency are held after two years of  apparent instability and months of unrest following the assassination of former Sen. Benigno Aquino Jr. in 1983 and reports of poor health of strongman Ferdinand E. Marcos; incumbent President Marcos, who declared Martial Law in September 1972, will officially win the snap polls but the opposition will claim massive cheating and the EDSA I "People Power" revolution will install Aquino's widow, Corazon Cojuanco Aquino, as President two weeks later.


Photo credits:

http://www.beda7882.com/Philippine_History.htm

http://ninoyaquino.50webs.com/

6 FEBRUARY

1899 - The Congress of the imperialist United States ratifies the Treaty of Paris two days after the administration of William McKinley successfully managed to provoke  hostilities of what would be the protracted and bloody Philippine-American War (1899-1914); the ratification came following false reports in the American press that the Filipinos were responsible for the February 4 hostilities, which were in fact triggered by U.S. Pvt. William Grayson who fired on a Filipino patrol in the 'neutral zone' of Sta. Mesa, Manila following the secret orders given by a number of regimental commanders to bring about conflict;  as would later be discovered by historians, the U.S. military itself vilely orchestrated the initial Fil-Am War conflict, with McKinley manipulating news about it to deceive the U.S. Senate and win support for American invasion/annexation of the Philippines through the ratification (as occurred, by a margin of one vote) of the December 10 1898 Paris Treaty wherein Spain "cedes" its former colony, the Philippines, to the Bald Eagle nation.

 1964 - Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, revolutionary leader and first officially recognized President of the Philippines, dies from a heart attack at an old age of 95; Aguinaldo has been a controversial figure during the Revolution against Spain and the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), being held responsible for the deaths of two revolutionary heroes,  Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and Gen. Antonio Luna y Novicio, and for his swift allegiance of fealty to the American imperialists soon after being captured in 1901; after grabbing power from, and ordering the execution of Bonifacio in 1897, Aguinaldo dissolved the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Katipunan, led the battles against the Spaniards, retreated to the mountain area of San Miguel, Bulakan, and forged the Pact of Biak-na-Bato Truce before returning from exile and leading the second phase of the Revolution; by June 1898, the same month Aguinaldo made the Declaration of Philippine Independence, Filipino revolutionaries  have already seized control of most of the islands from the Spaniards; Aguinaldo, who was conned into believing the Bald Eagle nation was a ally against Spain, stupidly allowed the free entry of  U.S. forces into the islands, thus allowing the vile Americans to position themselves for the Mock Battle of Manila and eventual invasion of the Southeast Asian archipelago.


Photo credit: http://philippine-revolution.110mb.com/aguinaldo_detailed.htm

5 FEBRUARY

Feb. 5, 1899 - Filipinos dead in Sta. Ana trench

1899 - Philippine President Emilio F. Aguinaldo  sends Gen. Isidoro Torres to  Gen. Elwell S. Otis, in charge of the imperialist American troops, to try to  bring about the cessation of  hostilities that erupted the day earlier (first day of the Philippine-American War, 1899-1914) when Pvt. William Grayson killed Filipino Corp. Anastacio Felix while attempting to cross the line Sta. Mesa bridge; Otis, who earlier reported to his superiors that Aguinaldo's government was "very anxious for peaceful relations," will brutally respond that since the  fighting had begun, it had to go to its grim end; unknown at that time to the  Filipinos, on February 2, several regimental U.S. commanders secretly ordered their men to bring about a conflict if possible as part of the filthy plan of imperialist President William McKinley to push the US Senate into ratifying the Treaty of Paris that "annexes" the fledgling Southeast Asian republic to effectively approve military operations against the Filipinos; some 3,000 Filipinos will die during the first two days of the Fil-Am War and on February 6, the US Senate will approve the controversial Treaty.

Gen. Simon Tecson y Ocampo Mansion

 1861 - Future Filipino revolutionary Simon Tecson y Ocampo is born in San Miguel de Mayumo (San Miguel), Bulacan province during the Spanish colonial period; Tecson will join the Philippine Revolution when it breaks out in August 1896 and will rise to the rank of brigadier-general by June 1897 during the Mt. Puray Assembly; he will become a signatory of the so-called Biak-na-Bato Constitution framed just prior to the Truce of Biak-na-Bato following the retreat of the troops of revolutionary Emilio F. Aguinaldo to San Miguel de Mayumo; Tecson will also be a signatory to the capitulation of Spaniards to the Filipinos following the Siege of Baler;  during the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), Tecson will fight the enemy Americans but will surrender in February 1901 although he will refuse to swear allegiance to the imperialist United States flag, causing his deportation to Guam in mid-1902; in September of the same year, Tecson will finally pledge allegiance to the imperialist Bald Eagle, allowing him to return to his hometown about a year before his death.


Photo credits:

https://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/tag/simon-tecson-house/
http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/filamwarbreaksout.htm

4 FEBRUARY

First Fil-Am War Berdugo: Pvt. William Grayson (in left photo, standing on the spot where he first fired the trigger shot

1899 - The Philippine-American War (1899-1914) is begun by a United States sentry who shoots and kills a Filipino soldier making an attempt to cross the bridge in Sta. Mesa, Manila under the vile pre-arranged plan of US President William McKinley to precipitate a war in the bid to trick the Senate to approve the Treaty of Paris and thus secure funding for military operations to annex the Philippines as part of the imperialist policy for Bald Eagle's overseas expansion; the sentry tasked with the dirty job is Pvt. William Grayson, killing Filipino Corporal Anastacio Felix of the 4th Company, Morong Battalion under Captain Serapio Narvaez, with Col. Luciano S. San Miguel as battalion commander; the Treaty would be approved in the US Senate by a margin of one vote from the required two-thirds majority and the war of invasion would be officially declared over on July 4, 1902 by US President Theodore Roosevelt but the last major battle will occur in 1913, with hostilities not ceasing until the following year; the Filipino-American War will sometimes be called as America's 'first Vietnam' in reference to what would be a historical pattern of genocide against Asians/non-Westerners, what with the enemy invading Americans inflicting much dislocation, devastation, suffering, torture, massacres and pillaging on the Filipino freedom  fighters and including the civilian native population.


Photo credit: http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/filamwarbreaksout.htm

3 FEBRUARY

Anti-Imperialist Southern Senators Watson & Carmack

1902 - Sen. Edward W. Carmack of Tennessee attacks United States imperialist policies in the Philippines three years into the bloody and protracted Philippine American War (1899-1914); Carmack has held that if U.S. rule in the Philippine was not 10,000 better than carpet-bag white rule of the Negroes in the Southern states, then “may the Lord God have mercy upon the Philippine Islands”; a few senators from America's South have compared the American invasion of the Philippines with America's own struggle for independence against colonial Britain three decades earlier; another Southern senator, populist Tom Watson from Georgia, also castigated the U.S. imperialist policies, saying that '“Republics cannot go into the conquering business and remain republics. Militarism leads to military domination, military despotism.”


Photo credits:


http://watson-brown.org/the-foundation/heritage/thomas-e-watson
http://www.memphishistory.org/Politics/Newspapers/Editors/EdwardWCarmack/tabid/201/Default.aspx

2 FEBRUARY

Ruy Lopez de Villalobos

1543 - Explorer-for-the-Spanish-crown Ruy Lopez de Villalobos reaches Baganga Bay, Davao Oriental in the island of Mindanao, Philippine archipelago, and names it Cesarea Caroli in honor of King Charles I; Villalobos' expedition was the fourth Spanish colonization attempt of the Pacific region after the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan who was slain by the chieftain of the Mactan, Lapu-Lapu; Villalobos left Mexico in November the previous year, commanding a fleet of six ships and approximately 400 men with royal instructions to avoid the Spice Islands (islands in present-day Indonesia) en route to the Philippines, which was then called Islas del Poniente (the Sunset Islands); Villalobos, who would be met by hostility by the natives, would sail further south, and remain between Mindanao and Celebes for a year before famine and illness force them to seek refuge in Moluccas and surrender to the Portuguese on April 24, 1544. 

Filipino patriot, Col. Luciano S. San Miguel confers with imperialists

1899 - Imperialist United States Gen. Arthur MacArthur ridiculously protests the  presence of Filipino soldiers under Col. Luciano S. San Miguel within the  American line in Luzon, Philippines islands; the protest comes amidst the growing tension between the Filipino and Bald Eagle forces two days after the last meeting between the two sides failed to materialize and two days before the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War erupts (1899-1914) upon vile orchestration by U.S. William McKinley; earlier, Filipino revolutionary leader Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo stupidly trusted the Americans as ally against colonial Spain and allowed the Americans to freely enter the archipelago, allowing the enemy forces to position themselves for the impending invasion.


Photo credits:

http://umwblogs.org/wiki/index.php/Philippines_1850-1990
http://www.yonip.com/archives/history/Colonel%20Luciano%20San%20Miguel%20with%20Colonel%20John%20Stotsenberg%20189.jpg

1 FEBRUARY

1901 - Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo asks Isabela province's military commander for reinforcements as the imperialist American forces advance towards Palanan in big numbers nearly two years into the protracted and bloody Filipino-American War (1899-1914); Aguinaldo and the fledgling southeast Asian republic had been on the run following the intensified invading operations of the imperialist United States in late 1899; on this same day, the Aguinaldo party returns to their camp in Oscaris, Isabela, summoning the Filipino troops in Nueva Vizcaya to join his soldiers in Oscaris.


1863 - Future Filipino American- colonial-era jurist and educator  Ignacio Villamor y Borbon is born during the Spanish colonial period; Villamor would  become a representative of Ilocos Sur  to the Malolos Congress following the Declaration of Independence against Spain and would co-found the first Philippine state university, the Universidad Literaria de Filpinas that existed during the fledgling but would serve the imperialist United States during the American colonial period as jurist and educator; the first Filipino president of the University of the Philippines, Villamor would be infamous for handing down on August 6, 1907 the  guilty verdict and capital punishment to freedom-fighting patriot Macario Sakay,  the Katagulagan Republic President whom the imperialist Americans will con into  surrendering and prosecute as "bandit" in the effort to villify and quell continued Filipino resistance against the Bald Eagle invasion.


Photo credits:

http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/captureofaguinaldo1901.htm

http://fil.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Ignacio_Villamor

31 JANUARY

Iloilo, 1899, during the enemy American invasion

1900 - Pio Claveria, Military Government delegate of Iloilo province, Philippines warns the chief of Tigbauan town that if he and other residents do not retract their recognition of the sovereignty of the enemy imperialist Americans, they will be punished in accordance with "a most summary trial and execution as traitors to the country"; the enemy Bald Eagle forces under Brig. Gen. Marcus P. Miller began invading Iloilo on February 11, 1899, with the local Filipino freedom fighters being led by Gen. Martin Delgado and Teresa Magbanua y Ferraris; the written warning that came nearly a year in the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) adds that:

'"As the government which the invaders are endeavoring to establish is always provisional, if all the inhabitants of this province are true Filipinos, they can easily and simply answer that we are subject to the will of the Honorable President Senor Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we follow and recognize in this new born Republic as the President of the Nation."'

1946 -  Maria Paz Mendoza-Guazon, Filipina suffragist, doctor, educator,  scientist, writer, social reformer, feminist, philanthropist and civic  leader, is appointed the first female member of the Board of Regents of the University of the Philippines; Mendoza-Guazon is also the first Filipina to acquire a high school diploma, the first woman graduate of the UP College of Medicine (1912), and first woman to receive the degree of Doctor of Tropical Medicine; in the 1920s, Mendoza-Guazon also figured in the 1920s struggle for women's suffrage during the American colonial period.



Photo credits:
http://en.wikipilipinas.org/index.php?title=Maria_Paz_Mendoza_Guazon
http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/thewarinthevisayas.htm (raw photo of Iloilo)

30 JANUARY

Katipunan membership rites of blood Compact

1894 - Andres Bonifacio  y de Castro, co-founder  and officer of the underground society  aiming to liberate the Philippines  from Spanish colonial yoke, the  Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) , declares that the  organization's administrative judges should strictly adhere to and  implement regulations in the bid to  enlarge KKK membership; with  increasing Katipunan membership, Bonifacio  has thought of classifying the members  into the three grades of Katipun,  Kawal, and Bayani; the passwords for the initiation rites would be "Anak ng Bayan," "Gomburza," and "Rizal"; in 1896, the Katipunan would be officially discovered by Spanish colonial authorities and by August, Bonifacio, then the Supremo of the Katipunan, would launch the Philippine Revolution.  

Collaborator with the imperialist U.S., Cayetano L. Arellano

1899 - Cayetano L. Arellano, delegate to the first Philippine (Malolos) Congress, traitorously collaborates with the imperialist United States as he accepts appointment as president of a reorganized colonial Supreme Court less than a year into the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) and while the leader of the fledgling Southeast Asian Republic, Emilio F. Aguinaldo, was on the run northwards as the vile and mighty Americans try to capture him; on the same day, collaborator Arellano is asked by the American invaders to prepare plans for organizing municipal governments in the Philippines.


Photo credits:

Wikipedia
http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/ilustradoscollaborate.htm

29 JANUARY

The Nakpils lived in this old Nakpil-Bautista house

1865 - Francisco Nakpil y Garcia, future Filipino reformist and brother of future revolutionary, musician and composer Julio, is born during the Spanish colonial period; Francisco will become an expert silversmith like all of his three brothers and in 1863, will join the reorganized La Liga Filipina, a bolder reformist civic society aiming to unite the archipelago in one strong body for the mutual protection of Filipinos; despite the dissolution of the La Liga in the same year with the formation of the more radical  Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) by the group of Andres Bonifacio, Julio's friend, Francisco will instead help form the more less radical faction, the Cuerpo de Compromisarios, that will continue supporting the Propaganda Movement in Spain; with the discovery of the Katipunan in 1896 and the outbreak of the Philippine Revolution, Francisco will be arrested by the Spaniards and incarcerated at the barracks to the Veteran Guards; a consistent conservative, Francisco Nakpil will become an early collaborator of the imperialist Americans, becoming a member of the arrangement committee organized by Pedro Paterno in July 1900 even as the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) will continue to rage on.

1897 - Prominent Filipino deportees in Hong Kong, Jose Ma. Basa, A.G. Medina, and Doroteo Cortes, prepare a manifesto exposing the grievances of the Filipinos against the Spanish colonial government, and submit petitions for the armed intercession of Germany, United States, United Kingdom, and France; led by Cortes, the group and other Filipino exiles have supposedly been acting on behalf of the nationalist Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK) movement in the Philippines, soliciting funds mostly used to negotiate with Japan for political, military and financial assistance in anticipation of the outbreak of Revolution against Spain; as revealed by colonial Spanish investigations, "The plan was that while Andres Bonifacio [Katipunan Supremo] was busy recruiting people for the general uprising, Doroteo Cortes should carry on the necessary negotiations with Japan."

Photo art: Jesusa Bernardo

Raw photo credit: http://bahaynakpil.org/index.php/virtual-gallery-i-photos-taken-by-boldy-tapales/