15 SEPTEMBER

Opening of the Malolos Congress

1898 - The Malolos Congress, the legislative body of the fledgling Philippine government is opened in  Bulacan province three months after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Independence from colonial Spain but a month after Peace Protocol and  Mock Battle of Manila between the troops of Spain the emerging imperialist power, the United States that aimed to show that the Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago succumbed to the American forces and not the Filipino revolutionaries; Aguinaldo had earlier been verbally conned into cooperating in the war against Spain by various US officials in the region, making him allow the free entry of the American soldiers and holding the attack on the seat of Spanish colonial power, thereby allowing the imperialist G.I.'s to position themselves for the Mock Battle. 

--- On the same day appointed provincial representatives are convening to draft the Constitution of the First Philippine Republic, the Filipino forces accede to imperialist American General Otis, withdrawing from the limits of the city of Manila with the exception of the districts of Paco and Pandacan, south of the Pasig river, in the bid to prevent the break out of hostilities as the United States military continue their month-long efforts at laying the civilian framework for the invasion of the Southeast Asian country.


Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

14 SEPTEMBER

1813 - The Spanish colonial edict abolishing the Galleon Trade in the Philippines is passed, seven  months after the proposal was submitted, as part of  the provision (equality clause) of the Cadiz  Constitution of 1812 which exempts colonized natives, including those from the Southeast Asian archipelago, from paying tributes and rendering public service; the Galleon Trade, wherein Manila was administered through Mexico and served as  transshipment port for China-Mexico product exchange, was the chief economic activity the Spanish colonizers engaged in for over 200 years; owing in part to how Philippine exports were not part of the Acapulco galleon trade, it did not benefit the Filipinos and, instead, caused undue miseries to the  natives by way of abuses arising from the demand for shipbuilders, woodcutters, and crewmen. 


1914 - Nicolas V. Zamora, the first Filipino Protestant pastor and founder of Iglesia Evangelica Metodista,  the first Philippine (Protestant) independent church, dies at the young age of 39;  Zamora readily took to the American Protestant missionaries and converted to Protestantism owing to the bitter history his family had with the Spanish friars, including the execution of their relative, Fr. Jacinto Zamora in 1872, and the exile of his father to the Mediterranean island of Cheferino for possession of a copy of the bible, an act then disallowed by the Catholic Church.

 Photo credit: http://www.infolizer.com/?title=philippine+galleon+trade

13 SEPTEMBER

1907 - Gen. Macario Sakay, one of the Filipino military leaders who continued fighting the imperialist United States following the spurious declaration of the end of the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914), is hanged along with Col. Lucia de Vega by the colonial authorities under the Bald Eagle's Bandolerism Act charging all Filipino freedom-fighters as bandits, robbers, and ladrones; Sakay, who revived the anti-Spanish revolutionary movement Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), operated in Luzon and established the Republika ng Katagalugan, had been deceived by the American Governor-General Henry Ide  into surrendering on promises of amnesty and the need to establish peace as prerequisite for eventual independence by way of a congress of elected Filipino representatives

12 SEPTEMBER

 
1896 - The "Thirteen Martyrs of Cavite," Filipino members  of the revolutionary Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), are executed by Spanish colonial authorities at Plaza de Armas, near Fort San Felipe, Cavite City, 12:45 noontime; the 13 Katipuneros: Maximo Inocencio, Luis Aguado, Victoriano Luciano, Hugo Perez, Jose Lallana, Antonio San Agustin, Agapito Conchu, Feliciano Cabuco, Maximo Gregorio, Eugenio Cabezas, Severino Lapidario, Alfonso de Ocampo, and Francisco Osorio,  planned to launch a concerted uprising in Cavite province on September 1 (later moved to September 3-4) in the house of Gregorio but were arrested when their plan was discovered through a dressmaker named Victoriana Sayat and the resulting forced confessions from the initial arrests of Ocampo and Lapidario; after execution, the lifeless bodies of the patriots would be carried into a garbage cart, guarded by six rifle-and-bayonet-armed Spanish soldiers, and brought to the Convent cemetery at Caridad, with Gregorio, Cabuco, San Agustin, Conchu, Cabezas, Lallana, Lapidario, and de Ocampo to be dumped in one hole while the those of Inocencio, Osorio, Aguado, Perez and Luciano to be taken by their affluent families and be buried in separate coffins.


Photo credit: http://ngayonsakasaysayan.blogspot.com/2010_03_23_archive.html

11 SEPTEMBER

1917 - Ferdinand E. Marcos, sixth President of the Philippine Republic, is born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte to Mariano Marcos and Josefa Edralin; Marcos, who will be a Death March soldier survivor during World War II, will use his claims of being an important Filipino guerrilla resistance movement leader to help propel his political plans, eventually rising to become a congressman, senator, and Senate President before winning the presidential elections of 1965; he will become a controversial leader, imposing Martial Law rule in September 1972 and ruling the Southeast Asian nation as a dictator, but implementing a policy of nationalization and unprecedented infrastructure development.

1946 - Benigno Q. Aquino, former Tarlac representative, senator, and assemblyman, and father of future anti-Marcos opposition icon Benigno S. "Ninoy" Aquino Jr., is provisionally released from prison following charges by colonial American authorities that he and President Jose P. Laurel and the rest of the latter's cabinet committed treason when they served during the Japanese Occupation in World War II.

10 SEPTEMBER

Malolos Republic

1898 -The capital of the fledgling Philippine Republic moves from Bacoor, Cavite to Malolos Bulacan five  months before the outbreak of the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) and a month after the infamous Mock Battle of Manila  made it crystal clear to President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy that his American "allies" had intended to steal and not honor Philippine Independence; that same day,  Gen. Pantaleon Garcia is provoked by American  forces reconnoitering the vicinity of Sampalok, as Aguinaldo receives a letter from Howard Bray informing him that that Gen. Merritt of the (emerging) imperialist Bald Eagle nation has supposedly intimated to him that the Filipino Revolutionary Government should occupy Visayas and Mindanao instead.

____ - Spanish troops under 2nd Lt. Antonio Carpio in  Aritao, Nueva Vizcaya surrender to the Filipino forces under Major Delfin Esquibel despite the Peace Protocol and the infamous Mock Battle of Manila  concluded nearly a month earlier when the Americans falsely made it appear that they were the ones that overcame--instead of the Filipino revolutionaries--the defenders of the Spanish seat of colonial power in the Philippines; the development came even as the imperialist Americans continue to move towards the occupation of the Philippines after conning Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy into militarily cooperating to fight colonial Spain, with several Bald Eagle diplomats and military officers making verbal promises of honoring Philippine Independence.

1861 - Colonial Spain issues a Royal Decree ordering  Filipino priests to relinquish their parishes to the  Recollect friars; the decree will lead to Filipinos'  discontent over racial discrimination in the clergy,  eventually resulting to the secularization movement  initially began by Spanish-Filipino Fr. Pedro S. Pelaez (1812-1863), which was thereafter met by oppressive crackdowns by  the Spanish friars/authorities.  

1967 - Fidel A. Reyes, Filipino journalist who authored the scathing El Renacimineto editorial  "Aves de Rapina" attacking the colonial American Interior Secretary, dies at the old age of 89;  appearing in the October 30, 1908 editorial of the anti-American daily, El Renacimiento, "Aves de  Rapina" criticized Dean C. Worcester for having "the characteristics of the vulture, the owl, and the vampire," referring to his alleged use of public money to finance his prospecting of gold in the Benguet  mountains for personal profit.


Photo credit: http://tetp.wordpress.com/2009/03/

9 SEPTEMBER

1900 - One and one-half years into the  Filipino-American War (1899-1914), Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy of the  fledgling Philippine Republic gathers the Palanan folks to a luncheon meeting at the town convent, reminding them of their patriotic duties in  fighting the enemy imperialist United States forces;  the first shots of the protracted bloody and protracted Philippine-American War were fired by an American soldier as part of a prearranged plan by the US military under President William McKinley's scheme to precipitate war and  to influence  the American Senate into approving the annexation [translation: invasion] of the  Southeast Asian country; back in the summer of 1897, with the second phase of the Himagsikan intersecting with the Spanish-American War, Aguinaldo stupidly agreed to an alliance with the Bald Eagle forces in fighting Spain amidst the verbal assurances of a number of American military and diplomatic officials that the U.S. was an ally and would honor Philippine Independence; with Aguinaldo allowing the free entry of the future enemy American soldiers, the U.S. managed to position themselves for the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely made it look like that the Americans--instead of the Filipino revolutionaries--defeated the Spaniards in the archipelago and eventually for the invasion of the Philippines that led to the Fil-Am War, America's first war of colonial expansion.



 
1878 - Sergio Osmena y Suico (Sr.), the future second  Philippine President of the colonial Commonwealth government during the American Occupation, is born in Cebu; Osmena, who will briefly serve in the Philippine Revolution against Spain under Gen. Juan Climaco, and later publish the periodical "El Nuevo Dia" for which he faced  threats from the colonial authorities for its occasional criticism of American military campaigns in the Southeast Asian country, will serve the American colonial government in various capacities, being elected Speaker of the Philippine Assembly, and Senator, and Vice-President  of the  Commonwealth before succeeding President Manuel L. Quezon in exile during World War II.

8 SEPTEMBER

American GIs pose before bodies of dead Filipino Muslims

1902 - With the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) well raging on, the fraudulent certification that peace  exists in the Philippine islands is made before the imperialist United States President by the  "Philippine Commission" [translation: US colonial commission to help colonize the Philippines]; the false certification, proved by how the law against treason and sedition is not repealed, is supposed to be the basis of  imperialist President Roosevelt's official declaration  of the cessation of the Filipino "insurgent"  war but, in reality, guerrilla warfare by Filipino patriots in the non-Muslim areas will continue until about a decade and in the Southern provinces, until about 1914.

1898 - Spain decides to imprison Filipino propagandist and patriot Jose Rizal  after learning of  his supposed history as a radical as soon as he arrives in Barcelona; Rizal will be sent back to Manila where he  will stand trial after being implicated in the Philippine Revolution on grounds of his association with members of the revolutionary Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) movement; within four months, he will be found guilty despite issuing a manifesto disavowing the revolution and will be executed by firing squad. 


Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

7 SEPTEMBER

1938 - Cecilio R. Apostol, Filipino revolutionary poet  and patriot who helped edit the official organ of the  First Philippine Republic, La Independencia, dies of  cerebral hemorrhage in his home in Caloocan; a law  student when the Philippine Revolution against Spain  broke out, he used his pen to articulate his patriotic sentiments against both colonial Spain and the new colonial enemy, the imperialist United States, writing  in various newspapers like La Fraternidad, La  Democracia, La Patria, and the anti-American daily,  El Renacimiento as the protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914) raged on; Apostol is noted for translating into French the "Decalogue" of Andres Bonifacio, the Father of the Philippine Revolution, and the Ilocano epic "Lam-ang" into Spanish, and for his poetical masterpiece "To Rizal."

1922  -  Valeriano P. Hernandez y Pena, the "Father of Tagalog Novel" acclaimed for "Nena at Neneng," the first ever novel in the vernacular published in 1905, dies with his faithful wife and his sister at his side; while he did not directly join the Philippine Revolution, "Mang Anong" channeled his literary obsession into pointing out the problems plaguing the country, assisting the anti-friar propaganda work of patriot and fellow Bulakeno Marcelo H. del Pilar through the novels "Pagluha ng Matuwid" and "Bunga ng Maling Pag-iimbot" and, later, writing "Mag Inang Mahirap," "Mga Tinik ng Bulaklak," "Dangal ng Magulang" and "Hatol ng Panahon" during the American colonial period.


Photo credit: http://biopinoysblogspot.com

6 SEPTEMBER

1897 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo makes a proclamation stating that the Filipino revolutionary movement must adopt guerrilla  warfare--using ambuscades and offensive military operations--in order to defeat the enemy Spanish  colonial forces; the proclamation comes some four months after Aguinaldo seized the leadership  of the Philippine revolutionaries from  Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro whom he had executed on May 10 of the same year a few weeks following the anomalous elections of the Tejeros Convention and a kangaroo court martial, in what his Prime Minister, Apolinario Mabini y Maranan would later dub as "crime" and an "assassination";  in three months, Aguinaldo will forge the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, a truce (temporarily) ending the Philippine Revolution, giving amnesty to the revolutionaries, and providing monetary indemnity to Aguinaldo and his key men who will go on voluntary exile.

Enemy American invaders fire on the Filipino soldiers/freedom fighters

1900 - President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy of the Philippine-Republic-on-the-run arrives at Palanan, Isabela where he is enthusiastically welcomed by a large crowd and brass band, ten days after fleeing from Tierra Virgen in the bid to escape capture from the enemy invading American forces that earlier landed at Aparri, Cagayan; Aguinaldo's government had been moving northwards after the imperialist Americans had conned him into thinking the Bald Eagle nation was a revolutionary ally, and into cooperating in battling Spain and allowing US forces to freely enter the Southeast Asian archipelago; the North Americans will prove to be traitorous "allies" that would soon virtually steal the country's Independence by staging the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely showed the world that it is they, instead of the Filipinos, that defeated the Spaniards in the Philippines, subsequently forging the Treaty of Paris that supposedly 'cedes' the Philippines into US hands for $20 million dollars, and eventually leading to the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) beginning February 4, 1899.


Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

5 SEPTEMBER

1972 - A bomb explodes at Joe's Department  Store in Carriedo St., Quaipo, Manila, Philippines aa part of a series of bombings prior to the declaration of Martial Law by President Ferdinand  Marcos y Edralin, killing a woman and injuring 38 others;  the series of bombings starting March of the year that will damage several  government and private structures and other  properties and which will be tagged as part of the Communist Party of the Philippines' "Regional  Program of Action 1972" will be used by Marcos  to rationalize Martial Law, declaring it on September 21 of that year under Proclamation  1081.

Young Lorenza M. Agoncillo (center, seated) & family

1890 - Lorenza M. Agoncillo, one of the three Filipinas who will weave the flag of the First Philippine Republic, is born in Taal, Batangas; along with the niece of Jose Rizal, Lorenza who will by then be only seven years old, shall assist her mother, Marcella Agoncillo, in making the flag first that would later be waved from the window of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo's house in Kawit, Cavite as Philippine Independence is declared on June 12, 1898 following Filipino victories enabling their near complete control of the Southeast Asian archipelago against colonial Spanish soldiers. 


Photo credit: http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/philippineindependence.htm

4 SEPTEMBER

1943 - In the thick of World War II, the Philippine Constitution under Japanese Occupation is adopted by the Preparatory Committee on Philippine Independence lad by President Jose P. Laurel; the 1943 Constitution of the Second Philippine Republic creating a Republican state with a a powerful executive branch, with the President to be elected from among members of the unicameral National assembly and with subordinate legislative and judicial branches, was drafted, approved and submitted for ratification during the Kalibapi [Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas] convention in Manila.

1898 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo issues an executive proclamation summoning the Filipinos to send delagates to what will be the First Philippine Congress to be assembled in Malolos, Bulakan on September 15; the proclamation comes amidst the realization of the officers and soldiers of the fledgling Philippine Republic that the Americans whom Aguinaldo stupidly trusted and cooperated with in battling colonial Spain have stolen the country's independence and have begun imperialist efforts at occupying the islands. 

3 SEPTEMBER

Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita

1899 - The Spanish version of the Philippine National Anthem is published for the first time in the La Independencia, the periodical and official organ of the First Philippine Republic founded by Gen. Antonio Luna and with staff members that include Fernando Ma. Guerrero, Cecilio Apostol, Epifanio de los Santos, Rafael Palma, and Rosa Sevilla.

-- One year and seven months into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), the new colonial police force established  by the American invaders which includes some Filipino revolutionaries who have elected to abandon the patriotic fight for the independence of their motherland start patrolling the city of Manila in cooperation with the provost guard.

1945 - Some two weeks after the United States dropped  atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the  commander of the Imperial Japanese Army forces in the Philippines,  Gen. Tomoyuki Yamashita, also dubbed as "Tiger of  Malaya," makes his formal surrender to the American forces in Baguio, northern Philippines; within five months, Yamashita will be hanged at Los Banos, Laguna following an American military tribunal's findings that he has committed war crimes during World War II under the principle of command responsibility.


Photo credit: http://www.ww2incolor.com/japan/img_2.html

2 SEPTEMBER

Simeon Ola y Arboleda

1865 - Simeon Ola y Arboleda, a devoted Filipino revolutionary who fought during the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War (1899-1914), is born in Guinobatan, Albay; his town's teniente de cuadrillos and close confidant of the parish priest, he will engage in recruitment and firearms acquisition and military in the Battle of Camalig under Gen. Vito Belarmino, soon being promoted as Major; he will relentlessly fight for his country during the Phil-Am War so much so that the imperialist American soldiers will for a time put up the horrible reconcentration system until he decides to take up the amnesty offer to be  presented by the persistent peace panel members on September 25, 1903.

1927 - Justo Lucban, another Filipino revolutionary who served both during the Philippine Revolution and the Filipino-American War (1899-1914), dies from heart ailment; the brother of Gen. Vicente Lucban, Justo did not take up arms but joined the Filipinos' independentist cause by serving as medical officer during the revolution against Spain, as signatory in the Malolos Congress, and as an editor of La Independencia (the official organ of the First Philippine Republic).

1896 - Inigo Corcuera Regalado, Filipino poet and printer who belonged to the revolutionary period of Tagalog literature then-emerging from the supremacy of Spanish colonial church writings, dies; born in Sampalok, Manila, Regalado wrote the much-loved lyric, "Ang Ganda Mo Neneng," along with a host of other pieces that were featured in the calendars or almanacs of Isabelo de los Reyes and Pascual H. Poblete, and printed La Ilustracion Filipina, believed to be the best local periodical of the period.

1 September

Katipunan co-founder-turned-coward?

1896 - Pio Valenzuela, a co-founder of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-national-government Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan, , surrenders to the Spanish colonial authorities to avail of an amnesty even as Supremo Andres Bonifacio and other Katipuneros risk their lives fighting the colonizers, armed mostly only with spears and bolos.

1901 - Two and one-half years into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914),, oustpoken pro-Americans Trinidad Pardo de Tavera and Benito Legarda Sr., a.k.a. Filipino traitors, are appointed as members of the American colonial body euphemistically called the "Philippine Commission" [translation: United States colonial commission to help colonize the Philippines]

- Martin Ocampo publishes the anti-American daily, El Renacimiento, which would turn out to be the most infuential newspaper in Manila in the early 20th century; with its first issue coming out two days later, El Renacimiento has as its editor, Rafael Palma, a journalist and lawyer who was part of the La Independencia, the successful newspaper Gen. Antono Luna established in September 1898 during the Second Phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain going into the Philippine-American War.

1803 - Spanish King Charles IV orders the use of the smallpox vaccine in its colony, the Philippines; in three years time, the office of Small pox Vaccine would be created through another decree.