31 August

Moments before the execution of the brave, patriotic Katipuneros

 1896 - Fifty-seven Katipuneros are executed at Bagumbayan (future Luneta) by the cruel Spanish colonial authorities, marking the start of a reign of terror one day after the bloody, virtually hand-to-hand two-part battle at San Juan del Monte (future "Battle of Pinaglaban") that marks the first major conflict of the Philippine Revolution; the executions occurs two days after Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro led the march to San Juan del Monte for the launch of the general uprising of the Himagsikan, leading to their initial seizure of the El Polvorin (Almacen de Polvora) powder magazine but concluding in the death of around 150 and capture of some 200 Katipuneros, including the first 57 executed in Bagumbayan; with the wildfire of the revolution spreading in the country, the Spanish colonial Governor-General Ramon Blanco  declared Martial law  in eight provinces of Luzon island on the day of the outbreak of the Himagsikan and a week after the Cry of Balintawak declaring the start of the nationwide armed revolution against the colonial enemy; three days earlier, revolutionary President/Supremo Bonifacio  issued a manifesto setting  August 29 as the beginning of the general uprising, less than a week after the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  the underground organization aspiring for total separation from colonial Spain, was hastily transformed into a revolutionary national government.

1897 -- Gregorio del Pilar, a lieutenant-colonel in the Philippine revolutionary army fighting colonial Spain during the second stage of the Himagsikan, stages a famous assault on the barracks of the Spanish cazadores in the town convent of Paombong, Bulacan; del Pilar's extraordinary combination of wit, courage and muscles in combat will catch the attention of Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the leader of the Philippine Revolution who succeeded Supremo Andres Bonifacio that he had earlier ordered executed, and will soon make del Pilar part of Aguinado's circle of revolutionary leaders.

-- The Battle of Aliaga in Nueva Ecija is fought between the Spaniards and Filipino revolutionaries during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution, with colonial Governor-General Primo de Rivera utilizing 8,000 men against the forces under the command of Generals Mamerto Natividad and  Manuel Tinio; Spanish General Nuñez would be among those seriously wounded in this huge battle of the Philippine Revolution.

30 AUGUST

1896 - The bloody virtually hand-to-hand battle at San Juan del Monte (future "Battle of Pinaglabanan) is fought between the Katipuneros, Filipino revolutionaries, and Spanish colonial forces, a day after Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro led the start of the general uprising during the Philippine Revolution; in the two-part battle, Bonifacio led the Katipuneros in marching evening of August 29 from Santa Mesa to El Polvorin, a Spanish powder magazine located in San Juan del Monte, and by 4:00 of the early morning of August 30, subsequently launching a surprise attack and successfully seizing the magazine, killing the Spanish commander and a number of the artillery men and sending the remaining 100 or so enemy forces to retreat towards the nearby Manila water works deposit office building, the El Deposito; however, the enemy forces were able to call for reinforcement and by noon of the same day the 73rd "Jolo" Regiment made up of Filipino soldiers under the Spanish command of Gen. Bernardo Echaluce y Jauregui began arriving at San Juan del Monte but amidst such formidable, lopsidedly better armed forces, the valiant Katipunero soldiers pushed on the ardous struggle to liberate the nation; the Katipunan or Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan was an underground organization formed in the noble aspiration to completely sever oppressive colonial Spanish hold on the Southeast Asian archipelago and was hastily transformed into a revolutionary national government following its premature discovery a few weeks earlier; while the mostly bolo-and-sharpened-stakes-armed Filipino revolutionaries would be no match to the enemy forces equipped with Mauser rifles or pistols, the victory will prove a pyrrhic one for the Spaniards because the blood let from the approximately 150 Katipuneros who will die in battle and the many who will be captured and subsequently executed would but nourish the will of the Filipinos to carry on the fight for independence; that same day, Spanish colonial Governor-General Ramon Blanco officially declares the state of war and martial law on eight provinces, Manila, Bulacan, Pampanga, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, Laguna, Cavite, and Batangas as the flame of the revolution soon engulfs these provinces.

Photo credit:

http://traveleronfoot.wordpress.com/2008/06/03/the-katipuneros%E2%80%99-baptism-of-fire/

29 AUGUST

 1896 - The Katipuneros, Filipino revolutionaries led by its Supremo, Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, starts the general uprising against Spain midnight of this day, a Saturday, with its first offensive attacking an isolated colonial garrison in Luzon island during the opening phase of the Philippine Revolution; despite the arrests, cruel torture, and/or incarceration of suspected revolutionaries, including Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) who is arrested and jailed at Bilibid Prison for giving aid to the Katipuneros, the flame of revolution would swiftly engulf nearby towns, with Spanish Governor-General Blanco declaring the state of war and martial law  in eight provinces; the offensive came a day after Bonifacio issued a manifesto setting the date as the beginning of the general uprising, five days after the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang manga Anak nang Bayan,  the underground organization batting for complete separation from colonial Spain, was hastily transformed into a revolutionary national government following its discovery through a traitor, Teodor Patino, who told of its existence to his sister nun; three days earlier, Bonifacio hoisted the glorious Katipunan flag in Balintawak and four days earlier, led the Katipuneros in successfully repelling the outnumbered Spaniards in the first encounter of the Himagsikan in Caloocan near the barn of Tandang Sora where they were temporarily headquartered.

28 AUGUST

 
1898 - Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, Supremo of the revolutionary government, Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), issues a manifesto setting August 29 as the start of the general uprising against colonial Spain; the manifesto came nine days after the Spaniards ascertained its existence, four days after the National Assembly transformed the KKK, the underground organization batting for complete separation from colonial Spain,  into a revolutionary national government, two days after hoisting the Katipunan revolutionary government flag, and three days after Bonifacio led the Katipuneros in successfully repelling the outnumbered Spaniards,  during the first encounter of the Himagsikan. 

1898 - Two months after the Philippines declared Independence from Spain, imperialist United States assigns Gen. Wesley Merritt as "military governor" of the Southeast Asian archipelago; the US had earlier vilely engaged the services of the Filipinos in fighting Spain, with its military and diplomatic officials conning its leader, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, into stupidly cooperating and allowing the free entry of G.I.s by making separate verbal assurances that the US will honor Philippine independence, thus enabling the Americans to stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila.


Photo credit: http://komiklopedia.wordpress.com/2008/03/20/philippine-literary-series/andresbonifacio1/

27 AUGUST

Imperialist US soldiers in pursuit of Aguinaldo

1900 - Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the First Philippine Republic-on-the-run following the invasion by the imperialist United States, decides to march to Palanan, Isabela and out of Tierra Virgen upon learning that the pursuing enemy American forces have landed at Aparri, leaving behind Capt. Julian H. del Pilar and Capt. Villareal to harass the enemy; following the outbreak of the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) February 4, 1899, the significantly more heavily armed and better trained US forces that at times employ ruthless military tactics such as "water cure" and hamletting have forced the Philippine Army was forced to adopt guerrilla tactics to score against the imperialist soldiers, with Aguinaldo eventually being forced to retreat farther to the northern provinces; the Bald Eagle nation, through Admiral George Dewey and other military and diplomatic officials, some 2 1/2 years back during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution,  conned Aguinaldo into cooperating to fight Spain while deceptively promising to honor Philippine independence, leading the Filipino leader to stupidly allow American soldiers to freely enter the archipelago, thereby positioning themselves for the invasion of the Southeast Asian nation.

Photo credit: http://casiguran.blogspot.com/2006_07_01_archive.html

26 AUGUST

1898 - Filipino revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio y de Castro unfurls the flag of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) in Balintawak, a day after he led the Katipuneros in repelling the colonial Spanish forces during the first encounter of the Philippine Revolution; what should be the glorious unfolding of the revolutionary Katipunan government flag takes place two days after the National Assembly transformed the KKK into a national government with democratically elected officials, and with the revolutionary army--formed from  "lodges [transformed] into battalions, his grandmasters into captains" leading the nation in the fight for independence against colonial Spain; the Katipunan a week earlier was an underground movement aiming to unite the country and gain independence from Spain by means of a revolution until its existence was discovered/confirmed by the colonial authorities through a friar who broke his vow of (confessional) silence.

25 AUGUST

Pangulong Andres Bonifacio at si Tandang Sora (Melchora Aquino)

1896 - The first encounter of the Philippine Revolution against colonial Spain occurs at the barn of Melchora Aquino in Caloocan when Spanish civil guards and infantrymen opened fire at the temporary headquarters of the Katipuneros six days after the official discovery of the underground revolutionary movement, the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK); occurring a day after the National Assembly (Kataastaasang Kapulungan), which transformed the KKK into a revolutionary national government and the Katipunan "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains" in pursuit of the noble patriotic aim of fighting for independence against colonial Spain, declared a nationwide armed revolution of independence, Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro successfully leads the counterattack of fellow Katipuneros, forcing the outnumbered Spaniards to retreat. ; a similar incident transpires in Pasong Tamo, with forces of the colonial Spaniards and that of the Katipunan revolutionary government (Haring Bayang Katagalugan/Republika ng Katagalugan).

1901 - Filipino nationalists and officers of the Philippine Republic, Apolinario Mabini y Maranan, along with his brother, and Gen. Artemio Ricarte y Garcia, and Aquilino Randeza remain unyielding in their loyalty to the Filipino flag and their compatriots, refusing to swear allegiance to the imperialist United States flag and/or Constitution even as their exiled companions in Guam yield to the pressures of invading American authorities and take their oaths before the symbol(s) of the Bald Eagle nation; Mabini and Ricarte are high-ranking officers of the Philippine Republic who were caught, imprisoned and exiled by the enemy American forces following the outbreak of the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) in February 1899.


Photo credit: http://www.qcpubliclibrary.org/qcmanuscript.php

24 August

1896 - Some five days following the official discovery of the Katipunan, the revolutionary Philippine underground movement, Katipuneros arrive at the barn of Melchora Aquino for their hurried National Assembly, with Supremo Andres Bonifacio and members of the Supreme Council (Kataastaaang Kapulungan), heads of the supramunicipal (sangunian) and chapter (balangay) units of the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) in attendance; American colonial military historian John R. M. Taylor will later come to the conclusion that the Katipunan was the first national government of the Philippines, writing that Bonifacio turned the Katipunan "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan" into a revolutionary body fighting for independence against colonial Spain; three days earlier, Bonifacio, along with his brotherly confidante and KKK Secretary Emilio Jacinto y Dizon, changed the Katipunan code from numeric to alphanumeric, and in five days' time, will lead the Katipuneros in launching the Himagsikan's general uprising against the enemy Spaniards.

23 AUGUST

The First Cry (of Pugadlawin)

1896 - Filipino revolutionary leader Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and other Katipuneros  tear their cedulas in declaration of the start of the war against colonial Spain and in what has become known as the The First Cry (of Pugadlawin) during the opening phase of the Himagsikan; meeting at the farm of the son of Melchora Aquino at Pugad Lawin, Supremo Bonifacio has challenged the members of the revolutionary secret society, Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK), to "Bring out your cedulas and tear them to pieces to symbolize our determination to take up arms," a few days after the Spanish authorities discovered the KKK through a Spanish friar who broke his vow of (confessional) silence and subsequently deciphered its secret codes; therein, the Katipuneros declared the start of the nationwide armed revolution and through the National Assembly a day after, will then transform the KKK into a national government, electing officials to lead the new revolutionary nation and army that will attempt to break the three-hundred-year-old oppressive yoke of Spanish colonial hold on the Southeast Asian archipelago.


Photo credit: http://www.qcpubliclibrary.org/qcmanuscript.php

22 AUGUST

  

1896 - Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and fellow Katipuneros, Filipino revolutionaries against colonial Spain, exchange views on the Revolution during a general assembly in Kangkong, three days after the secret movement Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) is discovered and arrests of suspected revolutionaries have been made; in two days' time, Bonifacio and the Katipuneros he leads will transform the KKK into a revolutionary government to fight colonial Spain-- the "lodges into battalions, his grandmasters into captains, and the supreme council of the Katipunan"; in three days' time, the Katipuneros will win the first skirmish of the Himagsikan and in a week's time, the general uprising against the enemy will be launched and bloodily fought. 
 

1898 - The seat of the fledgling Philippine Republic is transferred by President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy who issues a decree ordering his men to prepare in moving the capital and headquarters from Bacoor, Cavite, to Malolos Bulacan; the order came nine days after the Mock Battle of Manila made it clear to Aguinaldo the intent of the imperialist United States to invade the Philippines and that its officials, including Admiral George Dewey and Gen. Thomas Anderson had conned him into stupidly cooperating in the war against Spain, even to the point of ridiculously allowing the free entry of US soldiers to the Southeast Asian archipelago; by February of the following year, the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) will commence following its deliberate instigation by the Bald Eagle forces in line with the vile pre-arranged plan ordered by US President William McKinley in his bid to push the American Congress into annexing [translation: invading] the Philippines.


Raw photo credit: http://www.cebu-philippines.net/philippine-heroes.html

21 AUGUST

Spanish colonial soldiers execute Filipino revolutionaries

1896 - Two days after the Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) is discovered by Spanish colonial authorities, Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro and Emilio Jacinto y Dizon decide to use numbers instead of letters in changing the revolutionary society's code that has earlier been cracked by the enemies during the opening phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain; during the same day, revolutionary and Mason Faustino Villaruel is arrested and imprisoned at Fort Santiago as some 500 revolutionaries leave Balintawak for the neighboring Kangkong hamlet where Katipunero Apolinario Samson provides them lodging and food.  


1983 - Opposition leader ex-Sen. Benigno "Ninoy" Aquino II is assassinated at the tarmac of the then-Manila International Airport after arriving from the United States where he was allowed by Philippine President Ferdinand E. Marcos to undergo medical operation for his heart condition following his incarceration for seven years and seven months during Martial Law; the blame for the murder will be pinned by the succeeding administration of Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, Ninoy's widow, on the Marcoses although one of the soldiers convicted for the murder will later point to businessman Eduardo "Dangding" Cojuangco, Ninoy's cousin, as the real mastermind for the dastardly killing. 


Photo credit: http://josepherdon.blogspot.com/2008/12/andres-bonifacio.html

20 AUGUST

1896 - A day after the discovery of the Philippine revolutionary movement Katipunan by Spanish colonial authorities, Pio Valenzuela follows the group of Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, leader of the nationalist society aiming to break the yoke of colonial domination,the Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang  Bayan (KKK), to Balintawak for an important meeting; Agustin de la Rosa, one of the early officers of La Liga Filipina, along with fellow masons are arrested by the  Guardia Civil Veterana as the lodge founded by the former is discovered; Bonifacio and the Katipuneros will soon transform the KKK into a revolutionary government and in just over a week, the Philippine Revolution will break out. 


1898 - In line with its scheme of invading the Philippines, the imperialist American  government succeeds in its typical divide-and-rule tactic when Gen. John C. Bates forges a formal agreement with Sulu's Sultan Jamalul Kiram II, wherein the sultanate is to be considered a United States protectorate and friendly relations are supposed to be maintained between the two parties; in contrast, American officials have conned Filipino revolutionary leader Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy into cooperating in the war against Spain, verbally assuring him of  US sympathy with the independentist cause of the Filipinos, but with American President William McKinley actually scheming to invade the fledgling Southeast Asian Republic and eventually secretly orchestrating the outbreak of the Filipino-American War (1899-1914). 
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Photo credit: http://www.freewebs.com/julabbi_cairo12/Seals.htm
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19 AUGUST

1896 - The Philippine revolutionary movement is prematurely  discovered by the Spaniards when the hated Fr. Mariano Gil, the  curate of Tondo who has heard about it through a confession from a Filipino traitor (if s/he was not coerced to confess),  breaks his vow of silence and reports about its existence and headquarters to the colonial authorities; in response to the  mounting cruelty inflicted by the Spaniards on  members of the secret revolutionary society Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan nang  manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) who have been arbitrarily arrested  and imprisoned, Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro instructs messengers  to summon his leaders to a general assembly to discuss measures  to counter the development; later, a Katipunan poster threatening the killing of the abusive Fr. Mariano Gil would appear on the poster of the Tondo church. 




1939 -  On his 61st birthday, Manuel L. Quezon, President of the  American-sponsored Commonwealth government of the  Philippines, issues Executive Order No. 217 that prescribes a  16-point code of ethics to be taught in all schools in the  Southeast Asian archipelago.




Photo credit: http://www.filipiniana.net/ArtifactView.do?artifactID=PRR004000008

18 AUGUST

Imperialist U.S. hoisted flag on Fort Santiago, Manila

 1898 - The emerging power that is the United States proceeds with its imperialistic plan of invading the Philippines as Gen. Wesley Merritt is instructed to make the Filipinos recognize the military occupation and "authority" of the Bald Eagle nation; some three months after Americans first conned Aguinaldo into cooperating in the war against Spain; some two months after Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy declared Philippine Independence and allowed the free entry of US soldiers into the archipelago; five days after the Mock Battle of Manila made it appear that it is the Americans and not the Filipinos who have defeated the Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago; four days after the western aliens began their colonial propaganda efforts when Gen. Merritt issued a proclamation calling on the Filipinos not to resist US invasion; and a day after the  the second expeditionary [translation: invasion] forces of the looming 20th century imperialist nation, the United States,  arrive and land at Parañaque; in seven months, the imperialist American forces in the Philippines will instigate the Filipino-American War (1899-1914) in the vile pre-arranged  scheme of imperialist U.S. President William McKinley to make their Senate approve the ridiculous, baseless Treaty of Paris and, hence, the military operations against the Philippine Republic.


Photo credit: Filipiniana.com

17 AUGUST

 President Jose P. Laurel delivering a 1943 speech during the
 inauguration of the Japanese-sponsored Republic of the Philippines

1945 - Two days after Japan surrendered unconditionally in World War II, President Jose P. Laurel announces the dissolution of the [Second] Republic of the Philippines established during the Japanese Occupation of the Southeast Asian archipelago; under Japanese sponsorship and in line with the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere scheme, the 1943 Constitution of the Philippines creating a Republican state with a powerful executive branch, with the President to be elected from among members of the unicameral National assembly and with subordinate legislative and judicial branches, was drafted, approved and submitted for ratification during the Kalibapi  [Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas] convention in Manila; however, Filipino guerillas and the American colonial Commonwealth-in-exile led by President Sergio Osmena have refused to recognize the Japanese-sponsored Laurel government. 

1898  - Four days after the infamous Mock  Battle of Manila, the second expeditionary [translation:invasion] forces of the looming 20th century imperialist nation, the United States,  arrive and land at Parañaque, located midway between Manila and Cavite, and led by Gen. Francis V. Greene;  Greene's early show of Bald Eagle imperialist posturings and the the Mock Battle that falsely showed to the world that the Americans--instead of the Filipino revolutionaries--defeated the Spaniards in the Philippine archipelago would presage the absurdly baseless December 1898 Treaty of Paris wherein Spain had the gall to agree to supposedly  "cede" the newly independent-from-Spain Philippines to  imperialist U.S. that, for its part, months earlier conned Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo into cooperating to fight Spain, deceptively promising to honor Filipino Independence.



Photo credit: http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/captureofaguinaldo1901.htm

16 August

 
1599 - King Philip III writes Francisco de Tello de Guzman, colonial Spanish governor of the Philippine Islands, informing the latter of his order for Nueva Espana to send able settlers to the Southeast Asian colony; the communication, which came about a year after the monarch gained the title of Rey Felipe III, is  contained in two letters of the same date that commends Tello for the restoration of peace [translation: successful subjugation of the rebelling natives] in Mindanao and Pampanga and, as well, asks for advice as to whether he, the king, should increase duties on Chinese goods; Spain, has "discovered" [read: first learned about] the nearby and future colony the Philippine archipelago (Islas de San Lazaro),  some seven decades earlier during its several attempts times to gain control of Moluccas, the so-called “Spice Islands” (future Indonesia] beginning with the Magellan expedition of 1521.




Photo credit: http://thepeerage.com/p10278.htm

15 AUGUST

1898 - Two days after the Mock Battle of Manila between Spanish and American forces, the imperialist Bald Eagle nation lay the civilian framework for the invasion of the Philippines by assigning military officers to duty to assume civil government in the City of Manila and the district of Cavite; the development came  a day after the imperialist United States began its colonial propaganda efforts through Gen. Wesley Merritt's proclamation calling on the Filipinos not to resist US colonization/invasion, three days after the Peace Protocol between Spain and the US, and some three months after American officials deceived Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, the ambitious President of the fledgling Philippine Republic, into believing that their government will honor the independence of the Southeast Asian archipelago amidst the Filipino soldiers' virtual victory against the Spanish colonial forces; the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely told the world that the Americans--instead of the Filipinos--defeated the colonial Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago would highlight imperialist American deception of the Filipinos that began when U.S. diplomatic officials and Admiral George Dewey first made contact and forged an "alliance" with Aguinaldo to fight Spain during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution that intersected with the Spanish-American War. 

Gen. Mariano Trias

-- exactly two years later, on August 15, 1900, one and one-half years into the Filipino-American War, after the fledgling Philippine Republican Army has been disbanded into guerrilla units, Aguinaldo will issue a circular to Gen. Mariano Trias asking the latter to reorganize the old revolutionary movement, the KKK (Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan  nang manga Anak nang Bayan) because it is seen as a great help in defense of motherland and in ending gambling and other vices.

14 AUGUST

Imperialist American Gen. Wesley Merritt
begins the Propaganda 6 Months before
the Philippine-American War

1898 - The imperialist United States begins its propaganda efforts as part of the looming invasion of the Philippines, a day after the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that falsely told the world that the Americans--instead of the Filipinos--defeated the colonial Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago;  Gen. Wesley Merritt proclaims in English, Tagalog, and Spanish that Americans supposedly did not come "to wage war" upon the Filipinos but to "protect them in their homes, in their employments, and in their personal and religious rights"--understood to be contingent, of course, on the natives' unpatriotic acceptance of the Bald Eagle nation's colonization of the islands; the proclamation came some three months after American officials first verbally conned Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo into forming an "alliance" and into believing the US will honor Philippine Independence, came five weeks after Gen. Thomas M. Anderson asked for Filipinos' military cooperation against Spain and after Aguinaldo most stupidly ordered his soldiers "not to interfere" and allow American forces to enter the native territory, came two days after Spain and the US signed the Peace Protocol 'authorizing' the latter to occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty set to  define the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines, and some six months before the start of the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914).

13 AUGUST

Imperialist American soldiers enter Manila, August 13, 1898

1898 - The "Mock Battle of Manila" occurs between Spanish and American forces, a day after the signing of the Protocol of Peace, as part of the two powers' imperialistic, shoddy and detestably anti-democratic deal to transfer Spanish colonial possessions to the United States, thus depriving  thus depriving Filipinos of their rightful revolutionary victory against colonial Spain; President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy of the still-in-revolution Philippine Republic, who was conned by US Admiral George Dewey and other military and diplomatic officials into forging an "alliance" with the Americans against Spain on mere verbal assurances that the Bald Eagle nation will honor Philippine Independence, earlier stupidly allowed the free entry of American soldiers in the Southeast Asian archipelago starting two months earlier in June, thus delaying what should have been the Filipinos' victory in Intramuros, the colonial seat of Spanish power--this, despite the fact that Filipino revolutionaries had already encircled Manila.


Photo credit: http://www.freewebs.com/philippineamericanwar/mockbattleofmanila.htm

12 AUGUST

Colonial Spain & Imperialist United States sign
 the Protocol of Peace in Washington

1898 - A day before the infamous Mock Battle of Manila, Filipinos' rightful and moral aspirations for sovereignty is doomed with the signing of the Peace Protocol between colonial Spain and emerging imperialist power, the United States, in Washington; the agreement halts further hostilities between the two powers that clashed in the Spanish-American War, largely setting the terms for the formal peace Treaty of Paris that was to be signed two months later which will stipulate, among others, Spain's 'ceding' of the Philippines in exchange for $20 million--this, despite the fact that the Filipinos has already declared independence from Spain after gaining control of most of the archipelago, and with the shoddy Americans accepting and utilizing the services of the Filipinos in helping overcome the Spaniards during their war; the Mock Battle of Manila will falsely show to the world that the Americans, instead of the Filipino revolutionaries, defeated the colonial Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago; the Spanish-American War roughly intersected with the second phase of the Phlippine Revolution against Spain, with Bald Eagle Admiral George Dewey forging an "alliance" with Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, with Dewey and other military and diplomatic officials deceptively promising that the U.S. is an ally and/or will honor Filipino independence; the Bald Eagle soldiers have been able to position themselves for what would be the Mock Battle in Manila when the conned Aguinaldo stupidly allowed the free entry of the G.I.'s, apparently on request of Gen. Thomas M. Anderson some five weeks earlier.


Photo credit: http://americanhistory.si.edu/militaryhistory/exhibition/zoomify.asp?id=2242&type=g&width=640&height=480&hideAlt=1

11 AUGUST

Imperialist United States soldiers march to Manila

1898 - The camp of Philippine President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, which has already seized control of most of the archipelago away from the Spanish colonial forces, finally realizes that the Yankees are preparing to take the city of Manila as Filipino forces besieging Intramuros notice a general movement among American militia units; some three or four months earlier, amidst the Spanish-American War roughly intersecting with a supposed lull in the Philippine Revolution, Bald Eagle Admiral George Dewey forged an "alliance" with Aguinaldo in fighting Spain, with the latter and other imperialist American military and diplomatic officials taking turns in conning the Filipino general into believing that the U.S. was an ally;  the old and the new colonial power would in a few days stage the infamous Mock Battle of Manila designed to falsely show the world that it is the Americans instead of the Filipino revolutionaries that have defeated Spain in the Southeast Asian archipelago; five weeks earlier, Aguinaldo has stupidly ordered his soldiers  "not to interfere" with the American forces which have been entering the country following American officers' deceptive assurances that the US is in sympathy with the independentist cause of the Filipinos and will honor their independence; within six months, the imperialist United States will invade the Philippines, with the ensuring Philippine-American War (1899-1914) to be latter dubbed by certain historians as the "First Vietnam."  


Photo credit: Filipiniana.net

10 AUGUST

Antonio Ma. Regidor, Diplomat 

1898 - Some three days before the infamous Mock Battle of Manila, Spanish-blooded Filipino Antonio Ma. J. Regidor becomes a member of the Executive Board of the Hong Kong Junta tasked with seeking international recognition of Philippine sovereignty following Gen. Emilio F. Aguinaldo's June 12 declaration of Philippine Independence against colonial Spain;  Regidor, who will be part of the Agoncillo missions that will present the Philippine case before the United States Congress amidst the looming imperialist advances of the Bald Eagle nation, believe that the only real and enduring tie between Filipinos and Americans are commercial in nature, and will advocate financial and economic, but not political/colonial, relations with the US; some three or four months earlier, amidst the Spanish-American War roughly intersecting with a supposed lull in the Philippine Revolution, Bald Eagle Admiral George Dewey forged an "alliance" with Aguinaldo in fighting Spain, with the latter and other imperialist American military and diplomatic officials taking turns in conning the Filipino general into believing that the U.S. will honor the independence of the Filipinos;  Aguinaldo would stupidly allow the free entry of GI's into the archipelago, allowing the Bald Eagle forces to position themselves for what would be the Mock Battle designed to falsely show the world that it is the Americans instead of the Filipino revolutionaries that have defeated Spain in the Southeast Asian archipelago; the looming imperialist Bald Eagle nation would eventually invade  the Philippines, triggering the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914).

9 AUGUST

Pedro A. Paterno, turncoat 2x

1897 - Filipino illustrado Pedro  A. Paterno offers to mediate a peace pact between the revolutionary forces now led by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo and the Spanish colonial regime under Gov. Gen. Fernando Primo de Rivera, supposedly necessary to bring about a new series of reforms to assure Philippine prosperity, which would result to the Pact of Biak-na-Bato; the mediation of Paterno, who would later be the second Prime Minister of the fledgling First Republic, would also be regarded in history  as an infamous turncoat siding with the colonial Spaniards and later the imperialist Americans; around the first quarter of 1897 during the first phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, Aguinaldo's camp was accused by Supremo Andres Bonifacio y de Castro, leader of the secret-society-turned-revolutionary-government  Kataas-taasang, Kagalang-galangang Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) as having committed treason against the nation and the revolution by trying to forge a peace pact with the enemy Spanish colonial forces.

8 AUGUST

Anti-US Imperialist Democrat William J. Bryan 

1900 - One and one-half years into the  Philippine-American War (1899-1914), Democratic presidential nominee William Jennings Bryans makes his acceptance speech condemning the United States invasion of the Philippines as an egregious deviation from the most sacred  traditions and principles supposedly held by the Bald Eagle nation; in his speech entirely devoted to the impropriety and adverse effects of American imperialism. he says that: “There can be no doubt that we did so we had full knowledge that they were fighting for their own independence, and I submit that history furnishes no example of greater turpitude than ours if we now substitute our yoke for the Spanish yoke”; Bryan, who would never win the US presidency but would become a leading "anti-imperialist," also believes that if the Americans were to "govern [the Filipinos] without their consent ... we dare not educate them, lest they learn to read the Declaration of Independence and Constitution of the United States and mock us for our inconsistency"; over two years earlier during the second phase of the Philippine Revolution that intersected with the Spanish-American War, Admiral George Dewey forged an "alliance" with Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy in fighting Spain, with the latter and other Bald Eagle military and diplomatic officials taking turns in conning Aguinaldo into believing that the U.S. will honor the independence of the Filipinos.

7 AUGUST

1943 - The 1943 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines during the Japanese Occupation is drafted, creating a Republican state with a powerful executive branch, the President to be elected by the National Assembly from among themselves, and subordinate legislative and judicial branches and requiring for, among others,  the development of Tagalog as the national language; drafted by the Preparatory Commission for Philippine Independence (PCPI) headed by Jose P. Laurel in a manner conforming with the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, the 1943 Charter will not be recognized by the American colonial Commonwealth government in-exile during World War II.

1898 - As part of, or leading to, the  infamous Mock Battle of Manila six days later wherein the imperialist-in-the-making Bald Eagle nation that would falsely make it appear that the Americans, instead of the Filipino revolutionaries, are responsible for defeating the Spanish colonial forces in the Southeast Asian archipelago and the capital, Admiral Dewey and General Merritt, through the British Vice Consul, H.A. Ramsden, supposedly issue a joint ultimatum to the Spanish authorities stating that “the land and naval forces of the United States would commence operations against the defenses of Manila at any time after the expiration of the forty-eight hours from the hour of receipt by you of this communication;” while the American generals ask the Spanish Captain-General to remove non-combatants from Manila before the Americans start bombarding Manila, the two colonial forces will sign the Peace Protocol to halt Spanish-American War hostilities and  'authorizing' the Bald Eagle nation to occupy and hold the city, bay, and harbor of Manila pending the conclusion of a treaty set to  define the control, disposition, and government of the Philippines on August 12, a day before the staged Mock Battle;  Dewey had some three or four months earlier forged an alliance with Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy, the leader of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain; with the deceptive promises of Dewey and other military and diplomatic American officials as to honoring Philippine independence, Aguinaldo would even stupidly allow the free entry of GI's into the archipelago, allowing the Bald Eagle forces to position for what would be  the eventual invasion  of the archipelago, triggering the bloody and protracted Philippine-American War (1899-1914).


Image credit: http://img108.imageshack.us/i/bookiw3.jpg/

6 AUGUST

1907 - Gen. Macario Sakay, one of the Filipino military leaders who had continued fighting the imperialist United States invaders eight years into the Philippine-American War (1899-1914), is meted out the death sentence; essentially based on the ideals and principles of the underground-society-turned-revolutionary-government Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan  nang manga Anak nang Bayan (KKK) during the Philippine Revolution against Spain,  Sakay had established the Republika ng Katagalugan (entire Philippines) with a popularly backed guerrilla operations in Morong, Laguna, Cavite and Quezon in patriotic defiance of the colonial American government, was deceived by colonial Gov.-Gen. Henry Clay Ide who made it appear that Sakay's  his surrender was necessary to give way to the election of an all-Filipino Philippine Assembly legislature and also promised him and his supporters amnesty.

1898 -  Generals Artemio Ricarte and Pio del Pilar express their misgivings to President Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy as to the real nature of American policy towards the Philippines; this as Aguinaldo issues a proclamation to the United States and all foreign governments explaining the nature and scope of the Revolutionary Government and the proclamation of country's independence by provincial representatives, begging for the protection of all nations of the civilized world and beseeching their formal recognition of the state of belligerence and the independence of the Philippines;” by February 4 the following year, the imperialist-in-the-making Bald Eagle nation will instigate the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914) and will eventually successfully invade and occupy the Southeast Asian nation until 1946 when it will "grant" the Philippines independence (but not before ensuring its neocolonial status through through agreements and  treaties aimed at manipulating and controlling Filipinos' political and economic lives.

5 AUGUST

President Manuel Roxas, who campaigned for Parity Rights,
 w/ American Clark Air Base Officials

1946 - The Congress of the Philippines ratifies the Treaty of General Relations entered into by and between the Republic of the Philippines and its former colonizer, the United States, on July 4, 1946; the Treaty is crafted in such a way that it makes room for arrangements that allow continued imperialist American military, political and economic hold on the Southeast Asian archipelago, as  to be expressed in the 1947 Parity Amendment to the 1935 Constitution giving US citizens equal rights with the Filipinos in the exploitation of Philippine natural resources, and the 1947 Military Bases and Military Assistance pacts that give allowed U.S. access to 22 military, naval, and air bases in the Philippines which were to be superseded by the Mutual Defense Assistance Agreement and the Mutual Defense Treaty.

4 AUGUST

Military flag of Spanish Empire from 16th to mid 18th century

1625 - Gov. Fernando de Silva, appointed successor to  Gov. Alonso Fajardo de Tenza in colonial Philippines,  notifies King Philip IV of Spain of his arrival in the  islands and reports the condition of affairs, including:  his recommendation for the restoration of the captive Ternatan king; his intent to very severely punish the  rebellion in Cagayan; abandonment of the attempt at  working the Igorrote gold mines; request for greater  authority to restrain the lawless religious who ignores  the civil authorities; and his hope to obtain the  needed ships to defend their Philippine possession  against the powerful Dutch fleet has actually already reached Ternate.


1898 -  Some nine days prior to the infamous Mock Battle of Manila that would falsely make it appear that the Americans, instead of the Filipino revolutionaries, defeated the Spanish colonial forces in the Southeast Asian archipelago and the capital, Manila, Consul Oscar F. Williams of the emerging imperialist United States cables American Secretary of State William R. Day to report that he has tried to convince Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo y Famy that American rule over the Philippines will supposedly bring greater honor, progress, and profit to the natives compared to any scheme the Filipino leader and his advisers can ever devise; William add that he is on better terms with Aguinaldo than the American military commanders are with Aguinaldo, the leader of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution who has stupidly forged an "alliance" with U.S. Admiral George Dewey, believing his and other American military and diplomatic officials' verbal deceptive promises that the Bald Eagle nation will honor Philippine independence; apparently realizing that the imperialist Americans have him duped, Aguinaldo--who weeks earlier even ridiculously instructed his men to allow the G.I.'s to freely enter the archipelago--he will try to 'negotiate' Filipinos' independence; the Mock Battle of Manila will form the prelude to the baseless December 1898 Treaty of Paris where by that time,  the virtually expelled Spaniards will supposedly "cede" the Philippines to imperialist America, ultimately leading to the bloody and protracted Filipino-American War (1899-1914).

3 AUGUST

1900 - One and one-half years into the American  invasion (Filipino-American War, 1899-1914), President of the Philippine  Republic-on-the-run Emilio Aguinaldo issues a  manifesto appealing to appealing to his people  not to listen to the Filipino collaborators but to fight ceaselessly for their rights until victory against the imperialist enemy is achieved and independence won and recognized.

Gen. Vicente Lucban flanked by imperialist American captors

1901 - exactly a year later, following the capture of several officials and their subsequent swearing of  fealty to the imperialist Bald Eagle nation, including Aguinaldo,  Gen. Ambrosio Mojica, Gen. Vicente Lukban of the Samar-Leyte command issues a  proclamation, part of which says: 

"Nothing, in truth,  is more natural than that we should continue the  struggle, whatever be the obstacles placed in our way  and despite the capture of him who was our  generals;… We should let the world know that the  Philippine army is captured, another at once comes  forward and succeeds him; that we fight, not at the  suggestion of others, but because of our own personal  convictions; and that, finally, we are worthy of  independence and of universal respect, because we  know our rights and how to die in their defense…"

1898 - In a speech at Kawit in Cavite province, Emilio Aguinaldo, President of the fledgling Philippine Republic, pleads with local officials to keep unity, peace, and upright conduct; the appeal comes amidst apprehensions expressed by Felipe Agoncillo and Apolinario Mabini, Aguinaldo's diplomatic official and key adviser, respectively, over the former's supposed "alliance" with the Americans, with some Filipino soldiers already thinking at that point they they might need to fight a war with the pale-skinned US forces.


Photo credit: http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/thelastholdouts.htm