1899 - The Malolos Constitution is declared in effect by Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo, the first President of the fledgling Philippine Republic; in less than a month, the Philippine-American War will be started by the US forces.
1793 - King Louis XVI of France is executed by guillotine for the supposed guilt of conspiring with leaders of foreign countries so as to invade France; moments after his blood dripped to the ground, many in the mob dipped their handkerchiefs in it.
1981 - Iran frees American hostages held at the US embassy in Tehran after 444 days following the promise of the US government to unfreeze Iranian assets in American banks, which were earlier frozen by former President Jimmy Carter.
2007 - As part of the International Polar Bear multinational efforts to study the threatened species, an underwater, computer-guided robot glider sails from the Antarctic coast.
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