13 NOVEMBER

1899 - Emilio F. Aguinaldo, President of the fledgling Philippine Republic, begins his northward retreat to escape the enemy invading United States forces, two days after a council of war he attended decided to continue the  Philippine-American War (1899 - 1914) through guerilla tactics;  Gen. Aguinaldo leaves Bayombong, Pangasinan with his staff and a forced commanded by one of the youngest generals of the Republic, Gen. Gregorio del Pilar; Aguinaldo, the leader of the second phase of the Philippine Revolution against Spain, was conned into thinking that the North Americans were his allies against colonial Spain, thus stupidly allowing  the free entry of the Bald Eagle soldiers into the archipelago that, in turn permitted the future enemy to position themselves for the  infamous Mock Battle of  Manila that falsely showed to the world that it were the Americans, instead of the Filipinos, that defeated the colonial Spaniards in the Southeast Asian archipelago.


1936 - The Institute of National Language is established, created through Act 184 of the National Assembly, during the so-called Commonwealth Period of the American colonial rule of the Philippines;  Act No. 184 bestows the Institute with the responsibility of studying the various Filipino languages in the task to evolve and develop a common national language; more about  a year later, the Institute will recommend Tagalog as the basis of the Southeast Asian country's national language. 



Photo credit: http://philippineamericanwar.webs.com/advancetomalolos.htm