1900 - During the Philippine-American War, Gen. Manuel Tinio instructs commanders of the flying columns under his jurisdiction to intensify their guerrilla operations against enemy [American] forces; the youngest general of the fledgling Philippine Republic, Tinio is one of the most efficient military leaders during the guerrilla warfare phase of the war as he has turned the whole Ilocos region and its population into an espionage network marked by a warning system apprising the patriots of approaching imperialist forces.
1610 - Galileo Galilei publishes The Starry Messenger, which recounts the astronomical discoveries he made using his telescope; the book that includes discovery of Jupiter's four largest satellites [providing] evidence that not all objects in the heavens orbited the Earth, will serve to be an important resource for future mathematics and physics great, Isaac Newton.
1917 - A provisional government is formed by Russia's duma (council or parliament) despite an imperial order dissolving the body amidst much discontent and unrest against Tsarist rule; within three days, Nicholas II will abdicate in favor of his brother Michael, who [will shortly abdicate] in favor of the provisional government pending election by a constituent assembly.
1930 - Mahatma Gandhi of India begins the Salt March, his boldest act of civil disobedience against British rule; aiming to protest against British salt tax, the march will lead to the arrest of Gandhi and some 60,000 followers but will earn for Indian political and spiritual leader international support and respect for the cause of his non-violent civil disobedience methods.
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